- ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???
?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????
???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????
??????? ??????????
(????)
?????
?? ?????? ???? (ship), ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? , ??? (???) ??? ?? ??????? ????? ? ?? ????? , ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????
????? ????????, ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????; ????? - ????????? ???-??????? ????, ????? ??????? ????, ???? ??????? ????, ????????? ????, ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????
???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???, ??????: ???? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????
?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? (??????) ? ??????? ??????? ??: ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? :
(?) ????????? ????,
(?) ????? ???????? ???? ???
(?) ??????? ? ?????????? ????????
???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????, ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????
????????????? (Transportation) ????
[
??????? ?????????
]
(?) ?????? ???? (Passenger Liners)
????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????
(?) ???????? ???? (Merchant Ships)
?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??: ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????
(?) ??? ???? (Cargo Ships)
????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???, ????? ????, ?????, ????????? ????? ???, ????? ??????? (Bulk cargo) ??????, ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ??? (General cargo) ??????, ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????, ????? ?????? (Deck cargo) ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? (????? ??) ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????, ????, ???? ??? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? (Ballast) ???????
(?) ???? ???? (Tankers)
????????? ???????, ??????, ???, ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??: ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????, ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????, ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ?? ?????
(?) ???????????, ????? ??????? (Warships)?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???, ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????
(?) ??????? ???? (Aircraft Carrier) ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??, ????, ??????? ? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???, ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????
(?) ???? ???????? ??????? (Fleetr Destroyers)?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????????? ????? ????, ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???, ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????
(?) ??????????? (Submarines) ??????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????
(?) ????? ?????? (Mine Sweeper) ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???????
(?) ?????? ???? (Cruiser) ??????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? (turrets)?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????
(?) ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? (Mine Layers) ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????, ???? ??????? ? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????
??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????
[
??????? ?????????
]
?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? (Dredgers and Tugs) ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? (Cable Ships), ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? (Steamers), ???? ????????? ???????? (Frozen Meat Carriers), ?????? ??????? (Trawlers) ? ???-???-?????? (Ferries) ??? ????? ????
?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? (stresses)
[
??????? ?????????
]
???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? (design) ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????, ???????????? ???? ???? ???????, ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????, ????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????, ? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ??? ? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? (?????? ???? ???? ????, hogging) ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???? ? ??????? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ???? ?????, ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????? (sagging) ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ???????? ??????? ????? (shear stress) ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? (twisting strains) ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ? ????? ? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? (bending moments) ???? ??? ??????
????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??
?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? (?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????, ???? ??????, ?????????, ??????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????)?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???, ????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????
?????? ???? (????, keel) ???? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ????, ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?, ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????
????? (Keelson) ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? (Scarph) ???????
?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? (Stern) ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? (Sternpost) ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? (propeller) ????? ???? ?? ? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????, ?? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?, ??? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? (?????) ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??
??? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????, ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???, ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??: ???? ???? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????
?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? (hull)?? ???????? (rolling)?? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ????, ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??, ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????, ????? ????? (bulk-heads) ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????
???????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???, ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????
?? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ???? (Gunwale) ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??
?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ""??? ???
(moulded breadth) ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????: ?? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? (Tumble home) ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????, ?? ???, ?????? ????? ?????: ?? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? V ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? (flare ???? flam) ???????
?????? ???? - ????????? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? (Promenade deck) ??? ???? ??? (Boat deck)?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??: ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????
??????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ???, ???????? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? (butt joint) ?????? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? (bulk-head) ??? ?????? (stern)?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? (Collision Bulkhead) ???????