??????????
(??????? ????
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[?]
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[?]
??????
?? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ??????:
- ?? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????
- ????? ????????? ??????
[?]
???? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ?? ??????, ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???. ????? ??????????? ????
????????
,
????????????
? ???????-???????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???
?? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????, ?? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?. ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?, ?????? ? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????
???????????
? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ???? ????? ??? ? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???.
?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? "
?? ? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????
" ??? ???? ???? ??? '????????' ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??; ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? III ?????? ????? II?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????. ?? ???????????? "
? ???????? ????????
"?? ??? ?????? ??
[?]
???????? ? ???????-?????? ???????????
[
??????? ?????????
]
?????????? ????? ????????
?? ???? 14 ????? 1789 ?? ???????? ?????
???? ???????,
??????? ????????
?? ????.
????????? ?????
, 1917??
????????? ????????
?? ????.
?? ??? ???
, 1911?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????.
??????? ?????? ???, '????????' ?????? ?????? ???????-???????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.
[?]
[?]
[?]
??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???????. ?? ?????? ?, ???? ?????? ???????? ??
"any and all instances in which a state or a political
regime
is overthrown and thereby transformed by a popular
movement
in an irregular, extraconstitutional and/or violent fashion"
??? ?? ??????? ?, ?? ??
"revolutions entail not only
mass mobilization
and
regime change
, but also more or less rapid and fundamental social, economic and/or cultural change, during or soon after the struggle for
state
power
."
[?]
??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??
"an effort to transform the political institutions and the justifications for political authority in society, accompanied by formal or informal mass mobilization and noninstitutionalized actions that undermine authorities."
[?]
???????? ? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?, ???????
???????????
, ?????????????? ?
??????
?? ????????. ?? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????????, ??????? ???????, ??????? ??????, ?? ????, ?? ???? ?????, ?????? ?????????, ??? ??????????, ??? ??????, ??? ??????? ???, ????? ??????, ?????? ?????, ??? ???'??????, ???????? ???, ?????? ???, ?????????? ??????, ??????? ??????, ????? ?????????-??????, ????? ????? ???, ????? ????, ???? ???????, ??????? ????, ?????? ????????????, ??????? ???????, ?? ?????? ?????? ????????-?????? ? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???.
[??]
????????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????, ????????????? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????.
[?]
????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???, ??????? ?. ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????, ? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????
??????? ??????????
???? ???????? ???, ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????.
[?]
????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????, ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ??. ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????: ????????????, ??????????? ???????? ? ????????.
[?]
??? ????? ???, ??? ??. ??????????, ??????? ??. ??????????, ????? ?. ?????????, ????? ??. ????????? ? ?????? ?. ?????, ????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ???? ???????????? ?????????? ? ?????-????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?, ???? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? (?????, ??????????,
?????? ????
?? ?????????), ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????-???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????.
[?]
????? ????, ???? ???????? ?????, ??? ????????, ??? ?????, ????? ?????, ?????? ?. ??????????, ????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ????????????? ??????????-????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???; ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ? ?????????????? ???? ????????????? ?. ????? ?? ??? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???-??? ????, ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?.
[?]
?????? ?????? ????, ???? ??????? ????, ?????? ??. ???????, ???? ?????? ? ????? ??. ????????????? ????? ???? ????? ???,?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ????????? (??????????? ?????????) ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???. ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???????????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???. ?? ???????? ???????????, ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????????, ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?, ???? ??????? ? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????
????
?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
[?]
????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???? ?? ????????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????; ?????, ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???; ?????, ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ????????, ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? (?????,
?????
, ????, ???? ???), ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????- ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????????, ? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? (????? ?? ??????? ??????).
[?]
?????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???- ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ???? ?, ????? ??
???????? ??????????
(1688),
????????? ????????
(1789-1799), 1917?? ???? ???????? ? ???? ???????? (1927-1949).
[?]
?? ???, ???????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? "? ??????? ?? ??????????"??
????????? ????????
,
??????? ????????
, ????????? ???????? ? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???.
[??]
????? ???, ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? (??????????? ??? ????????????? ???? ??????????), ? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???? ???. ????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ????????? ????????? ? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??.
[??]
????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???, ???? ????? ????????, ?????????? ???, ?????? ??? ? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????
???????????
???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???, ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????, ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???. ??????? ??????????
??????? ??? ???? ???????????
?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???; ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? "?? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ???????? ?????, ????? ????????? ?...???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????", ? ???? ?????????????? ?????, ???????? ? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????.
[??]
?????? ???? ??? ? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????, 1989, ????? ? ??????????? ????? ???.
???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ??????????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???. ??????
?????
? ??????????? ???????????,
1986
??
?????????
?? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ???
?? ?????
?? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????
????????????? ?????? ???? ??????????:
- ???????? ??????????? ? ??????? ????
- ??????????? ? ???????????? ????
- ↑
"? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????" ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ? 1600 ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????. "????????"
????????? ????????? ????????
??????????. 1688 ??
???????? ?????????
? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????
?????. (ibid)
.
???? (OED)
- ↑
??????, ??? (2007)
???????? ???????: ??? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????
????? ??????, ????????,
ISBN 978-0-7432-8951-1
- ↑
?????????,
? ?????????
V, tr. ??. ?. ??????? (?????????: ???????? ?????, 1964, 1972), ????? 190.
- ↑
http://chagala.com/russia/pipes.htm
- ↑
?.?
?.?
?.?
?.?
?.?
?.?
??? ??????????, "????????????? ?????????: ?????? ????
,
??????? ???????
32, 1980:425-53
- ↑
?? ???????, "?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???: ???? ?????? ????", ????????????? ?????????
11, 1993:1-20
- ↑
???????? ??. ?????, ?????????? ????????? ? ??????,
????? ???????? ????? 7.1, 1996: 21-40
- ↑
Goodwin, p.9.
- ↑
?.?
?.?
?.?
?.?
Jack Goldstone, "Towards a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory",
Annual Review of Political Science
4, 2001:139-87
- ↑
??? ??????,
?? ??? ?? ???: ????? ? ???????????? ???????, 1945-1991.
????????? ??????????? ?????, 2001, ????? 5
- ↑
????? ????????,
? ?????? ?? ??????????
, ???????? ??. (????????, ?????? ?????, 1965). ????? ???????, 1938.
- ↑
??.?
??.?
?????? ??????: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs named
Goldstonet?
- ????????? ??? ?????? ????????
? ????????? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????: ???? ?? ? ?????????
, ??? (MA) [???]: ???? ??? ???, ????, ISBN ?-????-????-?
- ??????-?????, ?????,
Les liberaux face aux revolutions : ????, ????, ????, ????
, ???????, ???????? ????, ????. ???????
- ????????? ????????? ?????? (????)
- ???? ??????,
IEP.UTM.edu
,
?? ??????????
, ????, ???????? ?????????, ???? ?? ???????: ? ????? ????. ISBN ?-??-??????-X
- Daemon.be
, ???????? ????? ????????? ????????
- ?? ?????,
City-Journal.org ?????? ????????? ??? ????
??????? ?????
??????????
????-??-?? ????,
? ??????? ?? ? ?????? ???????????? ??????????
??????? ?????
??????????
????-??-?? ????, ???? ?????, ???????? ????.
- ???????? ?????? ?? ???????,
TFP.org
??????? ?????
??????????
????-??-?? ????,
?????????? ??? ??????-??????????
, ?? ?????? ???? ????????, ?????? ???????, ????. ISBN ?-??????-??-?
- ????? ??????,
ZMAG.org
, ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????: ?????????? ???? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????, ? ????? ????.
- Polyarchy.org
, ?????????? ????????: ????????
- DailyEvergreen.com
, ???? ?? ?????????
!: ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?
?????:Social and political philosophy