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????	???????? ( ?????????? ) ; ?????? ; ??????? ; ???????
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	????????
- 322?298 BCE	???????????
- 298?272 BCE	?????????
- 268?232 BCE	?????
- 232?224 BCE	?????????
- 224?215 BCE	????????
- 215?202 BCE	????????
???? ??????	Antiquity
- ?????	322 BCE
- ??????	185 BCE
?????	???????????????????? (??????????????????)
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	Peter Turchin Thomas D. Hall and Jonathan M. Adams (2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF) . 12 (2). Journal of World-Systems Research: 219?229. {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires \|journal= ( help )

??????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ? ???? ??????? 322-185 ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ^[?]^[?]

??? ????????? ?? ??? 322 ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????. ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ^[?]

??? ????????? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ^[?] ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????. ^[?]^[?]

??????????? ? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ? ????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ^[?] ? ??? ???????? ? ????? ????????. ^[?]

????????? ????? ???? 50-60 ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????. ^[?]^[?] ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????.

?????? [ ?????? ]

↑ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A History of India . 4th edition. Routledge, Pp. xii, 448. ISBN 0-415-32920-5 .
↑ Thapar, Romila (1990). A History of India, Volume 1 . New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 384. ISBN 0-14-013835-8 .
↑ ^??? ^??? Rajadhyaksha, Abhijit (2009-08-02). "The Mauryas: Chandragupta" . Historyfiles.co.uk . Retrieved 2012-03-01 .
↑ The account of Strabo indicates that the western-most territory of the empire extended from the southeastern Hindu Kush, through the region of Kandahar , to coastal Balochistan to the south of that (Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee 1996, p. 594).
↑ Sri Lanka and the southernmost parts of India (modern Tamil Nadu and Kerala ) remained independent, despite the diplomacy and cultural influence of their larger neighbor to the north (Schwartzberg 1992, p. 18; Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 68).
↑ The empire was once thought to have directly controlled most of the Indian subcontinent excepting the far south, but its core regions are now thought to have been separated by large tribal regions (especially in the Deccan peninsula) that were relatively autonomous. (Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 68-71, as well as Stein 1998, p. 74). "The major part of the Deccan was ruled by [Mauryan administration]. But in the belt of land on either side of the Nerbudda, the Godavari and the upper Mahanadi there were, in all probability, certain areas that were technically outside the limits of the empire proper. Ashoka evidently draws a distinction between the forests and the inhabiting tribes which are in the dominions ( vijita ) and peoples on the border ( anta avijita ) for whose benefit some of the special edicts were issued. Certain vassal tribes are specifically mentioned." (Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee pp. 275?6)
↑ "Buddhism in Iran, Mehrak Golestan" . iranian.com. 2004-12-15 . Retrieved 2014-07-25 .
↑ Boesche, Roger (2003-03-01). The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra . p. 11. ISBN 9780739106075 .
↑ Demeny, Paul George; McNicoll, Geoffrey (May 2003). Encyclopedia of population . ISBN 9780028656793 .

??????:???

[1] Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A History of India . 4th edition. Routledge, Pp. xii, 448. ISBN 0-415-32920-5 .

[2] Thapar, Romila (1990). A History of India, Volume 1 . New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 384. ISBN 0-14-013835-8 .

[historyfiles.co.uk-3] ??? ^??? Rajadhyaksha, Abhijit (2009-08-02). "The Mauryas: Chandragupta" . Historyfiles.co.uk . Retrieved 2012-03-01 .

[4] The account of Strabo indicates that the western-most territory of the empire extended from the southeastern Hindu Kush, through the region of Kandahar , to coastal Balochistan to the south of that (Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee 1996, p. 594).

[5] Sri Lanka and the southernmost parts of India (modern Tamil Nadu and Kerala ) remained independent, despite the diplomacy and cultural influence of their larger neighbor to the north (Schwartzberg 1992, p. 18; Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 68).

[6] The empire was once thought to have directly controlled most of the Indian subcontinent excepting the far south, but its core regions are now thought to have been separated by large tribal regions (especially in the Deccan peninsula) that were relatively autonomous. (Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 68-71, as well as Stein 1998, p. 74). "The major part of the Deccan was ruled by [Mauryan administration]. But in the belt of land on either side of the Nerbudda, the Godavari and the upper Mahanadi there were, in all probability, certain areas that were technically outside the limits of the empire proper. Ashoka evidently draws a distinction between the forests and the inhabiting tribes which are in the dominions ( vijita ) and peoples on the border ( anta avijita ) for whose benefit some of the special edicts were issued. Certain vassal tribes are specifically mentioned." (Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee pp. 275?6)

[iranian.com-7] "Buddhism in Iran, Mehrak Golestan" . iranian.com. 2004-12-15 . Retrieved 2014-07-25 .

[8] Boesche, Roger (2003-03-01). The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra . p. 11. ISBN 9780739106075 .

[9] Demeny, Paul George; McNicoll, Geoffrey (May 2003). Encyclopedia of population . ISBN 9780028656793 .

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