^{[good ?]} ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? (writting system) ????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? (industry standard) ????????????? Universal Character Set ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????? encoding ???????????? character encoding ??????? ??????? ???????????? (???? ??????????? ?????????)? ???????????? computer file ????? ????? ?????????????? (??????????? normalization ????? ????????? ???????????? rendering ???? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????) ????????? ^[?]

???????? ?????????? ??????? Unicode Consortium ??? ???????? ?????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????? character encoding ?????????? ???????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ? Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) scheme ???????? ??????? encoding ??????????? ??????? (multilingual) ????? ?????????????????

??????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????????????????? computer software ??? internationalization and localization ?????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ????????????????? ??? ?????????????? XML ? Java programming language ? Microsoft .NET Framework ????? ???????? Operating System ???????? ??????????????????

????????????????? ?????????????? character encoding ???????? ????????????????? ????????????????? UTF-8 (1 byte ??? ASCII ?????? ????? ????? ? byte ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????)? ???????????? UCS-2 (2 bytes ??? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????) ????? UTF-16 (? bytes ???????? UCS-2 ??? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????) ??????????

???? ????? ????????????????????? [ ?????????? ]

??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? (character encoding) ????? ISO 8859 ?? ???? ??? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ISO 8859 ?? ??? ????????????????????? ???????????????? ??? ??????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? (incompatible) ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ???????????? (??????????????? Roman characters ???? ?????) ???? ???????????? ???????????

??????????? ???????????? ????????? (glyph) ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? (character) ???? ? graphemes and grapheme-like units ? ??? ???????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????????????? ?????????

????? ???????????? (text processing) ???? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????? (code point) ? ????????? ???? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? (an abstract way) ?????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? (?????? ???? ?????? (????) ???????) software (web browser, word processor) ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????????

????????? ??? ??? ??????? ISO 8859-1 ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????

??????? [ ?????????? ]

???????? ?????????? ???? ?? Xerox ?? Joe Becker ????? Apple ?? Lee Collins and Mark Davis ????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ???? ?????????????? ^[?] ??????? ?????????? Joe Becker ??? "international/multilingual text character encoding system, tentatively called Unicode." ????????? ????????????? Unicode 88 ??????????????? ?????????? ?? ??? (bit) ??????? ?????? ??????????

Unicode is intended to address the need for a workable, reliable world text encoding. Unicode could be roughly described as "wide-body ASCII" that has been stretched to 16 bits to encompass the characters of all the world's living languages. In a properly engineered design, 16 bits per character are more than sufficient for this purpose.

??????????????? ??? ?? ??? (bit) ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????

Unicode gives higher priority to ensuring utility for the future than to preserving past antiquities. Unicode aims in the first instance at the characters published in modern text (e.g. in the union of all newspapers and magazines printed in the world in 1988), whose number is undoubtedly far below 2 ¹⁴ = 16,384. Beyond those modern-use characters, all others may be defined to be obsolete or rare; these are better candidates for private-use registration than for congesting the public list of generally-useful Unicodes.

?? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????????

?????? ???????? [ ?????????? ]

??????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? (script) ??????? ????????? ^{[good ?]}

alphabets, abugidas and syllabaries ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????????? Michael Everson , Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? (The Unicode Roadmap Committee) ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????? (Unicode Consortium) ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????

???????? ?.? ???? ????????????? ????????????? Avestan, Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Tai Tham, Tai Viet, Imperial Aramaic, Inscriptional Pahlavi, Inscriptional Parthian, Javanese, Kaithi, Lisu, Meetei Mayek, Nu Shu, Old South Arabian, Old Turkic, Samaritan ???? Tangut ?????????? ????? ????????????? Yi, ???? Uyghur and Oracle Bone Script ???? ??????????

??????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ConScript Unicode Registry ???? Private Use Area ??????????? ??????????

?????????? [ ?????????? ]

????????????? ??????? Unicode Consortium ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? software ????? hardware ?????????????? ??????? Adobe Systems, Apple , Google , HP , IBM , Microsoft , Sun Microsystems ????? Yahoo ???? ??????????

???????????????????? ???????? ?? ( ISBN 0-321-18578-1 ) ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ? ( ISBN 0-321-48091-0 ) ???????? ???? ???? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?.? ??? ???? ???? ? ???? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????????

????????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?.? ???? ????????????? ???????? ?? ?.? ???? ????????????? Myanmar2? ???????? ?? ?.? ???? ?????????????????? ????????????? Myanmar3 ???????????

????????	??????	??????	Corresponding ISO/IEC 10646 Edition	Scripts	Characters
					#	Notable additions
1.0.0	October 1991	ISBN 0-201-56788-1 (Vol.1)		24	7,161	Initial repertoire covers these scripts: Arabic , Armenian , Bengali , Bopomofo , Cyrillic , Devanagari , Georgian , Greek and Coptic , Gujarati , Gurmukhi , Hangul , Hebrew , Hiragana , Kannada , Katakana , Lao , Latin , Malayalam , Oriya , Tamil , Telugu , Thai , and Tibetan . [?]
1.0.1	June 1992	ISBN 0-201-60845-6 (Vol.2)		25	28,359	The initial set of 20,902 CJK Unified Ideographs is defined. [?]
1.1	June 1993		ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993	24	34,233	4,306 more Hangul syllables added to original set of 2,350 characters. Tibetan removed. [?]
2.0	July 1996	ISBN 0-201-48345-9	ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 plus Amendments 5, 6 and 7	25	38,950	Original set of Hangul syllables removed, and a new set of 11,619 Hangul syllables added at a new location. Tibetan added back in a new location and with a different character repertoire. Surrogate character mechanism defined, and Plane 15 and Plane 16 Private Use Areas allocated. [?]
2.1	May 1998		ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 plus Amendments 5, 6 and 7, and two characters from Amendment 18	25	38,952	Euro sign added. [?]
3.0	September 1999	ISBN 0-201-61633-5	ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000	38	49,259	Cherokee , Ethiopic , Khmer , Mongolian , Myanmar , Ogham , Runic alphabet , Sinhala , Syriac , Thaana , Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics , and Yi Syllables added, as well as a set of Braille patterns. [?]
3.1	March 2001		ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000 ISO/IEC 10646-2:2001	41	94,205	Deseret , Gothic and Old Italic added, as well as sets of symbols for Western music and Byzantine music , and 42,711 additional CJK Unified Ideographs . [?]
3.2	March 2002		ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000 plus Amendment 1 ISO/IEC 10646-2:2001	45	95,221	Philippine scripts Buhid , Hanunoo , Tagalog , and Tagbanwa added. [??]
4.0	April 2003	ISBN 0-321-18578-1	ISO/IEC 10646:2003	52	96,447	Cypriot syllabary , Limbu , Linear B , Osmanya , Shavian , Tai Le , and Ugaritic added, as well as Hexagram symbols . [??]
4.1	March 2005		ISO/IEC 10646:2003 plus Amendment 1	59	97,720	Buginese , Glagolitic , Kharoshthi , New Tai Lue , Old Persian , Syloti Nagri , and Tifinagh added, and Coptic was disunified from Greek . Ancient Greek numbers and musical symbols were also added. [??]
5.0	July 2006	ISBN 0-321-48091-0	ISO/IEC 10646:2003 plus Amendments 1 and 2, and four characters from Amendment 3	64	99,089	Balinese , Cuneiform , N'Ko , Phags-pa , and Phoenician added. [??]
5.1	April 2008		ISO/IEC 10646:2003 plus Amendments 1, 2, 3 and 4	75	100,713	Carian , Cham , Kayah Li , Lepcha , Lycian , Lydian , Ol Chiki , Rejang , Saurashtra , Sundanese , and Vai added, as well as sets of symbols for the Phaistos Disc , Mahjong tiles , and Domino tiles . There were also important additions for Myanmar , additions of letters and Scribal abbreviations used in medieval manuscripts , and the addition of capital ß . [??]

?????????? (mapping) ????? ???????????? (encoding) [ ?????????? ]

?????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????????????? source code ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????

Unicode Transformation Format (???????? ???????????????) ????? Universal Character Set (?????? ?????? ???????) [ ?????????? ]

????????? ?????????? ????????????? Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) ???????????? ????? Universal Character Set (UCS) ???????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? (encoding maps) ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????????????? (code value) ?? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? UTF ???????????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??? (bit) ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? UCS ???????????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ????? (byte) ???? ???????? ??? ??????????

UTF ??????????????????? -

• UTF-1 ? ???????????????? UTF-8 ????, maximizes compatibility with ISO 2022, no longer part of The Unicode Standard
• UTF-7 ? ????????????? 7-bit ????????????
• UTF-8 ? 8-bit ????? ???????????????? ???????????? ????? ASCII ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????
• UTF-EBCDIC ? 8-bit ????? ???????????????? ???????????? ????? EBCDIC ????? ?????????? EBCDIC (?????????? ?????)
• UTF-16 ? 16-bit ????? ???????????????? ????????????
• UTF-32 ? 16-bit ????? ?????? ????????????

UTF-8 ??? ?????? ???????? ? ?? ? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ASCII ????? ????????????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ( de facto standard) ???????? ??????? ??????? Linux distribution ???????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ????????

???????? (ready-made) ????? ????????? ?????? [ ?????????? ]

???????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? (combining diacritical marks) ?????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? (???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????????)? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? e ??? ???????? U+0065 (???????????? ???? e) ???? ???????? U+0301 (????????) ??????? ?????????? ??????????? U+00E9 ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? (canonical equivalence) ??????? ???????

??????????????? (ligatures) [ ?????????? ]

?????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? (orthographic rule) ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????-??????????? (special script-shaping) ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ??????-??????????? ??????? ???? ??? DecoType ?????????? ????????? ????? Arabic Calligraphic Engine (ACE) ????? Adobe ????? Microsoft ???? ?????????? OpenType ????? SIL International ?? Graphite ???? Apple ?? AAT ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ??? Graphite ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? myanmar3 ????? ????????????? OpenType ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? operating system ??? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? (monospaced font) ?????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????????

???????? ??????????? [ ?????????? ]

????????? ????????????? [ ?????????? ]

??????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????? ???????????? (storage) ???????????? UCS-2 ???? ????????????? UTF-16 ???? ????????????????? ???????????????? Windows NT (????????????? Windows 2000 , Windows XP and Windows Vista ?????????) ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????????? Java ???? .NET bytecode ????? Mac OS X ???? KDE ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????????

UTF-8 ??????? Unix-like operating system ???? ????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????????? extended ASCII ??? ???????? ???????????????? ???????????????

??????????? ??????? ????????????? (text-rendering engine) ????????? ????????????? Microsoft Windows ???? Uniscribe ???????????????? Mac OS X ???? ATSUI ???????????????? GTK+ ( GNOME desktop) ??? Pango ??????????????? ?????????????

??????????? [ ?????????? ]

??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (operating system) ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????

ISO 14755 ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? hex ??????? ???? ???? ??????????????? ??? ????????????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????

????????? [ ?????????? ]

???????? ??????????? ????????? [ ?????????? ]

?????????????? (Han unification) ( ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????????) ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? Ideographic Rapporteur Group ????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????? ?????????? TRON ????? UTF-2000 ???????????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????????????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????????????

????????? ?????????? [ ?????????? ]

?????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? e ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? Graphite ? OpenType ????????? AAT ??????? ?????????? ????????????????????? ??????????????????????

??????? [ ?????????? ]

??????? ????? - <ref> tags exist for a group named "good", but no corresponding <references group="good"/> tag was found