?????????? ?????????????

?????????? ??????? ?????? ; International Phonetic Alphabet ;
	"IPA" in IPA ( [a? p?iː e?] )
??????????	?????? ? partially featural
????????????	phonetic ????? phonemic ?????????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????????
?????????	???? ??????
?????????????	Palaeotype alphabet , English Phonotypic Alphabet Romic alphabet ?????????? ??????? ?????? ; International Phonetic Alphabet ; ;

?????????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????? Help:Special characters ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? (????) ???????????????? ??? ???????????????????

?????????? ??????? ?????? ( ????????? : International Phonetic Alphabet; IPA ) ??? ????????????? ???????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ? ?? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????? ^[?] ????????????? (IPA) ??????? ??????????????????? ????????????????????/????????? ?????????/???? ???/?????? ??????????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ^[?]^[?]

???????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ?????? (phone) ? ?????? (phoneme) ? ???????? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ^[?] ????/????????????? ???????????? ('?'????? '?'??????????????) ? ????????????? ???????????????????? ????(??)? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????????????? ????????????????? ^[?]

?????????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????????? (??????????? ???????????????????) ?????????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ⟨t⟩ ? ?????? ???????????????????????? ?????? ????????????? [t] ???????? ??????????????????? ???????????????? [t??] ??????????????????????? ^{[note ?]} ??????? (Slashes; ??????????????????????????; / / ) ????????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????? /t/ ??? [t??] (????) [t] ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????

?????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????? ????????????????? ???? ???? ???????????????????????? ?????? ^[?] ????????????????? ?????? ??? ?? (segmental letters) ? ???????????????? ???????????? (suprasegmental; ???????????????? ...) ?? ??????????? ???????????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????????????? (extra-lexical prosodic) ????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ? ?????????? ^[?]

?????? [ ?????????? ]

↑ The inverted bridge under the ⟨t⟩ specifies it as apical (pronounced with the tip of the tongue), and the superscript h shows that it is aspirated (breathy). Both these qualities cause the English [t] to sound different from the French or Spanish [t] , which is a laminal (pronounced with the blade of the tongue) and unaspirated [t?] . ⟨ t?? ⟩ and ⟨ t? ⟩ thus represent two different, though similar, sounds.

??????? [ ?????????? ]

↑ ^?.? ^?.? International Phonetic Association (IPA), Handbook .
↑ ^?.? ^?.? MacMahon? Michael K. C. (1996)? "Phonetic Notation"? in P. T. Daniels; W. Bright (eds.)? The World's Writing Systems ? New York: Oxford University Press ? pp. 821?846 ? ISBN 0-19-507993-0 ?
↑ Wall? Joan (1989)? International Phonetic Alphabet for Singers: A Manual for English and Foreign Language Diction ? Pst? ISBN 1-877761-50-8 ?
↑ IPA: Alphabet ? Langsci.ucl.ac.uk? 10 October 2012 ???? ?????? ??? ????????????????? 20 November 2012 ???? ????????????
↑ Full IPA Chart ? 24 April 2017 ???? ????????????

? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????????? ????? ?????????????????????? ???????

[4] The inverted bridge under the ⟨t⟩ specifies it as apical (pronounced with the tip of the tongue), and the superscript h shows that it is aspirated (breathy). Both these qualities cause the English [t] to sound different from the French or Spanish [t] , which is a laminal (pronounced with the blade of the tongue) and unaspirated [t?] . ⟨ t?? ⟩ and ⟨ t? ⟩ thus represent two different, though similar, sounds.

[IPA_1999-1] ?.? ^?.? International Phonetic Association (IPA), Handbook .

[world-2] ?.? ^?.? MacMahon? Michael K. C. (1996)? "Phonetic Notation"? in P. T. Daniels; W. Bright (eds.)? The World's Writing Systems ? New York: Oxford University Press ? pp. 821?846 ? ISBN 0-19-507993-0 ?

[3] Wall? Joan (1989)? International Phonetic Alphabet for Singers: A Manual for English and Foreign Language Diction ? Pst? ISBN 1-877761-50-8 ?

[5] IPA: Alphabet ? Langsci.ucl.ac.uk? 10 October 2012 ???? ?????? ??? ????????????????? 20 November 2012 ???? ????????????

[6] Full IPA Chart ? 24 April 2017 ???? ????????????

[?]

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