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??????????????????? - ????????????? ?????????? ???????????

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??????????????????? ( ????????? : Biodiversity ) ????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????????????? [?] ?????????????????????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????????? [?] ??????????? ????????????????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????????????????? [?] ?????????????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ??????????????????? [?] ????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?? ??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ?? ???????????????? ??????????????? [?] ?????? ?????????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????? [?] ?????????????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????? [?] ??????????????? ?????????????????????????? [?] [?] ???????? ????????????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????????? [??]

???????????????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????? [??] [??] [??] ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ??.? ????????????? ??????????????? ? ????????????? [??] ????????????????????????????? ??????????????? [??] [??] ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????????????? ???????????????? [??] ???????????? ?.? ????????? ??????????????????????????? ?? ??????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????????? [??] ???????????? ?????? DNA ??????? ????????????????? ???????????? 5.0 x 10 37 ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????? [??] ???????????????? ??????? (biosphere) ? ??????????????????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? [??]

?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?.?? ?????? ??????? [??] [??] [??] ???????????? ???????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????? ?.? ??????????????????? [??] [??] [??] ???????? ??????????????? ?.?? ???????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? [??] [??] [??] ????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?.? ???????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????? [??] ???? ?????????? ????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?.? ?????? ?????????????? [??] [??] ????????????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????? [??] ?? ?????????

????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????????? ? ??????? ????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????????????????????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ??? (Phanerozoic eon) ???? ??????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????? [??] ?????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????? (Carboniferous) ??????? ?????????? ????????????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????? [??] ???????????????????????? ??? ??????????????? Permian?Triassic ??????????????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????? ?? ???????????????? [??] ???????????? ?????????????? Cretaceous?Paleogene ??????????????????????? ???????? ????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????????????????????????????? [??]

????????? ???????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????? Holocene ??????????????????????? [??] ???????? ??? ????-???? ????????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ???????????? [??] ????-???? ????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? [??] IPBES ?? ???????? ???? ?????? Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services ???????????? ?? ???????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? [??] [??] [??] IPBES ? ???? ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????????? (Pandemic) ??????? ??????????????????


??????? [ ?????????? ]

  1. ↑ What is biodiversity? ? ???????? ?????????????????? , World Conservation Monitoring Centre? 29 August 2021 ???? ?????? ??? ????????????????? 11 October 2021 ???? ????????????
  2. ↑ Gaston, Kevin J. (11 May 2000). " Global patterns in biodiversity ". Nature 405 (6783): 220?227. doi : 10.1038/35012228 . PMID 10821282 .  
  3. ↑ Field, Richard (1 January 2009). "Spatial species-richness gradients across scales: a meta-analysis". Journal of Biogeography 36 (1): 132?147. doi : 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01963.x .  
  4. ↑ Gaston? Kevin J.; Spicer? John I. (2013-04-22)? Biodiversity: An Introduction (??????????????????????)? John Wiley & Sons? ISBN   978-1-118-68491-7 ? 31 May 2021 ???? ???????? ???????????????? ? 11 October 2021 ???? ??????????? ?
  5. ↑ Young, Anthony. "Global Environmental Outlook 3 (GEO-3): Past, Present and Future Perspectives."  The Geographical Journal , vol. 169, 2003, p. 120.
  6. ↑ Tittensor, Derek P. (28 July 2010). "Global patterns and predictors of marine biodiversity across taxa". Nature 466 (7310): 1098?1101. doi : 10.1038/nature09329 . PMID 20668450 . Bibcode :  2010Natur.466.1098T .  
  7. ↑ Myers, Norman (24 February 2000). " Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities ". Nature 403 (6772): 853?858. doi : 10.1038/35002501 . PMID 10706275 . Bibcode :  2000Natur.403..853M .  
  8. ↑ McPeek, Mark A. (1 April 2007). "Clade Age and Not Diversification Rate Explains Species Richness among Animal Taxa". The American Naturalist 169 (4): E97?E106. doi : 10.1086/512135 . PMID 17427118 .  
  9. ↑ Peters? Shanan? Sepkoski's Online Genus Database ? University of Wisconsin-Madison? 8 March 2021 ???? ?????? ??? ????????????????? 11 October 2021 ???? ????????????
  10. ↑ Rabosky, Daniel L. (1 August 2009). "Ecological limits and diversification rate: alternative paradigms to explain the variation in species richness among clades and regions". Ecology Letters 12 (8): 735?743. doi : 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01333.x . PMID 19558515 .  
  11. ↑ Charles Cockell; Christian Koeberl & Iain Gilmour (18 May 2006)? Biological Processes Associated with Impact Events (1 ed.)? Springer Science & Business Media? pp. 197?219? Bibcode : 2006bpai.book.....C ? ISBN   978-3-540-25736-3 ?
  12. ↑ Algeo, T. J. (29 January 1998). " Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events ". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 353 (1365): 113?130. doi : 10.1098/rstb.1998.0195 .  
  13. ↑ Bond, David P.G. (1 June 2008). " The role of sea-level change and marine anoxia in the Frasnian?Famennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction ". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 263 (3?4): 107?118. doi : 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.02.015 . Bibcode :  2008PPP...263..107B .   Archived 29 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine .
  14. ↑ Kunin, W.E.; Gaston, Kevin, eds. (31 December 1996)? The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare?common differences ? ISBN   978-0-412-63380-5 ? 26 May 2015 ???? ??????????? ?
  15. ↑ Stearns? Beverly Peterson; Stearns? S. C.; Stearns? Stephen C. (2000)? Watching, from the Edge of Extinction ? Yale University Press? p. preface x? ISBN   978-0-300-08469-6 ? 21 May 2020 ???? ???????? ???????????????? ? 30 May 2017 ???? ??????????? ?
  16. ↑ Novacek? Michael J.? " Prehistory's Brilliant Future "? The New York Times ? 8 November 2014 ? 11 October 2021 ???? ??????????? ? Archived from the original on 29 December 2014?  
  17. ↑ G. Miller; Scott Spoolman (2012)? Environmental Science ? Biodiversity Is a Crucial Part of the Earth's Natural Capital ? Cengage Learning? p. 62? ISBN   978-1-133-70787-5 ? 27 December 2014 ???? ??????????? ?
  18. ↑ " How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean? " (23 August 2011). PLOS Biology 9 (8): e1001127. doi : 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 . PMID 21886479 .  
  19. ↑ Nuwer? Rachel? " Counting All the DNA on Earth "? The New York Times ? 18 July 2015 ? 11 October 2021 ???? ??????????? ? Archived from the original on 18 July 2015?  
  20. ↑ The Biosphere: Diversity of Life ? Aspen Global Change Institute ? 2 September 2010 ???? ?????? ??? ????????????????? 11 October 2021 ???? ????????????
  21. ↑ Age of the Earth ? U.S. Geological Survey (1997)? 23 December 2005 ???? ?????? ??? ????????????????? 11 October 2021 ???? ????????????
  22. ↑ Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". Special Publications, Geological Society of London 190 (1): 205?221. doi : 10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14 . Bibcode :  2001GSLSP.190..205D .  
  23. ↑ Manhesa, Gerard (1980). " Lead isotope study of basic-ultrabasic layered complexes: Speculations about the age of the earth and primitive mantle characteristics ". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 47 (3): 370?382. doi : 10.1016/0012-821X(80)90024-2 . Bibcode :  1980E&PSL..47..370M .  
  24. ↑ "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils" (5 October 2007). Precambrian Research 158 (3?4): 141?155. doi : 10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009 . Bibcode :  2007PreR..158..141S .  
  25. ↑ Schopf, J. William (29 June 2006). " Fossil evidence of Archaean life ". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361 (1470): 869?885. doi : 10.1098/rstb.2006.1834 . PMID 16754604 .  
  26. ↑ Hamilton Raven? Peter; Brooks Johnson? George (2002)? Biology ? McGraw-Hill Education? p. 68? ISBN   978-0-07-112261-0 ? 7 July 2013 ???? ??????????? ?
  27. ↑ Borenstein? Seth? " Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom "? AP News ? 13 November 2013 ? 11 October 2021 ???? ??????????? ? Archived from the original on 29 June 2015?  
  28. ↑ Pearlman? Jonathan? " 'Oldest signs of life on Earth found' ? Scientists discover potentially oldest signs of life on Earth ? 3.5 billion-year-old microbe traces in rocks in Australia "? The Telegraph ? 13 November 2013 ? 11 October 2021 ???? ??????????? ? Archived from the original on 7 May 2020?  
  29. ↑ " Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia " (8 November 2013). Astrobiology 13 (12): 1103?1124. doi : 10.1089/ast.2013.1030 . PMID 24205812 . Bibcode :  2013AsBio..13.1103N .  
  30. ↑ "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks" (8 December 2013). Nature Geoscience 7 (1): 25?28. doi : 10.1038/ngeo2025 . Bibcode :  2014NatGe...7...25O .  
  31. ↑ ??.? ??.? Borenstein? Seth? " Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth "? 19 October 2011 ? 11 October 2021 ???? ??????????? ? Archived from the original on 23 October 2015?  
  32. ↑ " Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon " (24 November 2015). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112 : 14518?14521. doi : 10.1073/pnas.1517557112 . PMID 26483481 . Bibcode :  2015PNAS..11214518B .  
  33. ↑ The Cambrian Period ? University of California Museum of Paleontology? 15 May 2012 ???? ?????? ??? ????????????????? 11 October 2021 ???? ????????????
  34. ↑ Sahney, S. (2010). " Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica ". Geology 38 (12): 1079?1082. doi : 10.1130/G31182.1 . Bibcode :  2010Geo....38.1079S .  
  35. ↑ " Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time " (2008). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275 (1636): 759?765. doi : 10.1098/rspb.2007.1370 . PMID 18198148 .  
  36. ↑ Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction videos, news and facts ? BBC Nature? 9 June 2017 ???? ?????? ??? ????????????????? 11 October 2021 ???? ????????????
  37. ↑ "Vanishing fauna (Special issue)" (25 July 2014). Science 345 (6195): 392?412. doi : 10.1126/science.345.6195.392 . PMID 25061199 . Bibcode :  2014Sci...345..392V .  
  38. ↑ United Nations Decade on Biodiversity | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (in en)? 9 October 2021 ???? ?????? ??? ????????????????? 11 October 2021 ???? ????????????
  39. ↑ New UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration to inspire bold UN Environment Assembly decisions (6 March 2019)? 7 December 2020 ???? ?????? ??? ????????????????? 11 October 2021 ???? ????????????
  40. ↑ Staff? " Media Release: Nature's Dangerous Decline 'Unprecedented'; Species Extinction Rates 'Accelerating' "? Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services ? 6 May 2019 ? 11 October 2021 ???? ??????????? ? Archived from the original on 14 June 2019?  
  41. ↑ Watts? Jonathan? " Human society under urgent threat from loss of Earth's natural life "? The Guardian ? 6 May 2019 ? 11 October 2021 ???? ??????????? ? Archived from the original on 14 June 2019?  
  42. ↑ Plumer? Brad? " Humans Are Speeding Extinction and Altering the Natural World at an 'Unprecedented' Pace "? The New York Times ? 6 May 2019 ? 11 October 2021 ???? ??????????? ? Archived from the original on 14 June 2019?  
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