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Nikolai II dari Rusia

Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
Nicholas II
Maharaja dan Autokrat ke atas Rusia
Pemerintahan 1 November [ G.L. : 20 Oktober] 1894  ? 15 Mac 1917
Kemahkotaan 26 Mei [ G.L. : 14 Mei] 1896 [1]
Didahului oleh Aleksandr III
Diikuti oleh Takhta dibubarkan
De facto  :
Georgy Lvov (pengerusi kerajaan sementara)
Pemakaman Katedral Pyotr dan Pavel , Saint Petersburg , Persekutuan Rusia
Pasangan Alix dari Hesse
Anakanda Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna
Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna
Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna
Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich
Kerabat Kerabat Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Ayahanda Aleksandr III dari Rusia
Bonda Maria Feodorovna
(Dagmar dari Denmark)
Tandatangan Tandatangan Nicholas II

Nikolai II ( Bahasa Rusia : Николай II, Николай Александрович Романов , tr. Nikolay II, Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov [n??k??laj ft??roj, n??k??laj ?l??k?sandr?v??? r??man?f] ) ( 18 Mei [ G.L. : 6 Mei] 1868 ? 17 Julai 1918) adalah Tsar terakhir Rusia , Putera Besar Finland , dan pemerintah pada nama Poland . [2] Gelaran rasmi baginda adalah Nikolai II, Maharaja dan Autokrat ke atas Rusia [3] ; malah baginda kini dianggap sebagai Santo Nicholas si Pembawa Derita oleh Gereja Ortodoks Rusia .

Rujukan [ sunting | sunting sumber ]

  1. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama ReferenceB
  2. ^ In 1831, the Russian tsars were deposed from the Polish throne , but they soon took control of the country as part of Russia and abolished the separate monarchy. However, they continued to use this title. See November Uprising .
  3. ^ Gelaran penuh baginda ialaj Beta, Nikolai Kedua, dengan rahmat Tuhan, Maharaja dan Autokrat segala Russia, Moscow , Kiev , Vladimir , Novgorod , Tsar Kazan , Tsar Astrakhan , Raja Poland , Tsar Siberia , Tsar Tauric Chersonesos , Tsar of Georgia , Tuan Pskov , Velikiy Kniaz ("Raja Besar") Smolensk , Lithuania , Volhynia , Podolia dan Finland , Putera Estonia , Livonia , Courland dan Semigalia , Samogitia , Belostok , Karelia , Tver , Yugra , Perm , Vyatka , Bulgaria , dan kawasan lain; Tuan dan Kniaz Besar Nizhny Novgorod , Chernigov ; Tuan Ryazan , Polotsk , Rostov , Yaroslavl , Beloozero , Udoria , Obdoria , Kondia , Vitebsk , Mstislav   [ disambiguation needed ] , and all the northern territories; and Sovereign of Iveria , Kartalinia , dan tanah-tanah Kabard serta kawasan Armenia ; Tuan dan Raja Pewaris Circassia and Mountain Princes and others; Tuan Turkestan , Pewaris Norway , Herzog Schleswig-Holstein , Stormarn , Dithmarschen , Oldenburg dan sebagainya.

Bacaan lanjut [ sunting | sunting sumber ]

  • The Sokolov Report, in Victor Alexandrov , "The End of The Romanovs", London: 1966
  • Boris Antonov , Russian Czars , St.Petersburg, Ivan Fiodorov Art Publishers ( ISBN 5-93893-109-6 )
  • Michael M. Baden, Chapter III: Time of Death and Changes after Death. Part 4: Exhumation , In: Spitz, W.U. & Spitz, D.J. (eds): Spitz and Fisher’s Medicolegal Investigation of Death. Guideline for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigations (Fourth edition). Charles C. Thomas, pp.: 174-183, Springfield, Illinois: 2006
  • Paul Grabbe , "The Private World of the Last Czar" New York: 1985
  • Ferro, Marc , Nicholas II: Last of the Czars . New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 1993 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-508192-7 ); 1995 (paperback, ISBN 0-19-509382-8 )
  • Genrikh Ioffe , Revoliutsiia i sud'ba Romanovykh Moscow: Respublika, 1992 (Rusia)
  • Coryne Hall & John Van der Kiste , Once A Grand Duchess : Xenia, Sister of Nicholas II , Phoenix Mill, Sutton Publishing Ltd., 2002 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7509-2749-6 )
  • Greg King , The Court of the Last Czar: Pomp, Power and Pageantry in the Reign of Nicholas II 2006
  • Greg King and Penny Wilson , "The Fate of the Romanovs" 2003
  • Dominic Lieven , Nicholas II: Emperor of All the Russias . 1993.
  • Andrei Maylunas and Sergei Mironenko , A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas & Alexandra 1999
  • Marvin Lyons , Nicholas II The Last Czar , London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974 (hardcover, ISBN 0710078021 )
  • Shay McNeal , "The Secret Plot to Save the Czar" 2001
  • Robert K. Massie , Nicholas and Alexandra 1967
  • Robert K. Massie , The Romanovs. The Final Chapter 1995, ISBN 0394580486
  • Bernard Pares , "The Fall of the Russian Monarchy" London: 1939, reprint London: 1988
  • John Perry   [ disambiguation needed ] and Konstantin Pleshakov , The Flight of the Romanovs . 1999.
  • Edvard Radzinsky , The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II (1992) ISBN 0-385-42371-3
  • Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalev , The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution , New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
  • Anthony Summers and Tom Mangold , The File on the Czar . 1976.
  • Richard Tames , Last of the Czars , London, Pan Books Ltd, 1972
  • Andrew M. Verner , The Crisis of the Russian Autocracy: Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution 1990
  • Ian Vorres , The Last Grand Duchess , London, Finedawn Publishers, 1985 (hardcover)
  • Richard Wortman , Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy , vol. 2 2000
  • Prince Felix Yussupov , Lost Splendour
  • Elisabeth Heresch , "Nikolaus II. Feigheit, Luge und Verrat". F.A.Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung, Munchen, 1992
  • The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Czar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra, April 1914 ? March 1917 . Edited by Joseph T. Furhmann Fuhrmann. Westport, Conn. and London: 1999
  • Letters of Czar Nicholas and Empress Marie Ed. Edward J. Bing. London: 1937
  • Letters of the Czar to the Czaritsa, 1914?1917 Trans. from Russian translations from the original English. E. L. Hynes. London and New York: 1929.
  • Nicky-Sunny Letters: correspondence of the Czar and Czaritsa, 1914?1917 . Hattiesburg, Miss: 1970.
  • The Secret Letters of the Last Czar: Being the Confidential Correspondence between Nicholas II and his Mother, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna . Ed. Edward J. Bing. New York and Toronto: 1938
  • Willy-Nicky Correspondence: Being the Secret and Intimate Telegrams Exchanged Between the Kaiser and the Czar . Ed. Herman Bernstein. New York: 1917.
  • Paul Benckendorff , Last Days at Czarskoe Selo . London: 1927
  • Sophie Buxhoeveden , The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress of Russia: A Biography London: 1928
  • Pierre Gilliard , Thirteen Years at the Russian Court New York: 1921
  • A. A. Mossolov (Mosolov), At the Court of the Last Czar London: 1935
  • Anna Vyrubova , Memories of the Russian Court London: 1923
  • A.Yarmolinsky, editor, "The Memoirs of Count Witte" New York & Toronto: 1921
  • Sir George Buchanan (British Ambassador) My Mission to Russia & Other Diplomatic Memories (2 vols, Cassell, 1923)
  • Meriel Buchanan , Dissolution of an Empire, Cassell, 1932
  • Gleb Botkin , The Real Romanovs , Fleming H. Revell Co, 1931
  • Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalev , The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution . New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995
  • " The Personality Of The Czar: An Explanation, By A Russian Official Of High Authority ". The World's Work: A History of Our Time . VIII : 5414?5430. 1904. Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( bantuan ); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= ( bantuan ); External link in |title= ( bantuan ); |access-date= requires |url= ( bantuan )

Pautan luar [ sunting | sunting sumber ]

Nikolai II dari Rusia
Cabang kadet bagi Kerabat Oldenburg
Tarikh keputeraan: 18 Mei 1868 Tarikh kemangkatan: 17 Julai 1918
Gelaran pemerintah
Didahului oleh
Alexander III
Tsar Rusia
1 November 1894 ? 15 Mac 1917
Dibubarkan
Pembubaran monarki
Duke Besar Finland
1 November 1894 ? 15 Mac 1917
Kosong
  Gelaran dipegang kemudian oleh  
Putera Frederick Charles dari Hesse
Kerabat diraja Rusia
Didahului oleh
Alexander III dari Rusia
Pewaris takhta Rusia
1881?1894
Diikuti oleh:
George dari Rusia
Gelar sebagai penuntut
Kehilangan gelaran
Empayar dibubarkan
? TIDAK MEMERINTAH ?
Tsar Rusia
15 Mac 1917 ? 17 Julai 1918
Alasan untuk kegagalan Pewarisan:
Empayar dibubarkan pada tahun 1917
Diikuti oleh:
Cyril Vladimirovich

Templat:Russian Revolution 1917 Templat:Pretenders to the Russian throne since 1917 Templat:Lists of Russians