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Nikolai II
(
Bahasa Rusia
:
Николай II, Николай Александрович Романов
,
tr.
Nikolay II, Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov
[n??k??laj ft??roj, n??k??laj ?l??k?sandr?v??? r??man?f]
) (
18 Mei
[
G.L.
: 6 Mei]
1868
? 17 Julai 1918) adalah
Tsar
terakhir
Rusia
,
Putera Besar Finland
, dan pemerintah pada nama
Poland
.
[2]
Gelaran rasmi baginda adalah
Nikolai II, Maharaja dan Autokrat ke atas Rusia
[3]
; malah baginda kini dianggap sebagai
Santo Nicholas si Pembawa Derita
oleh
Gereja Ortodoks Rusia
.
- ^
Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama
ReferenceB
- ^
In 1831, the Russian tsars were deposed from the
Polish throne
, but they soon took control of the country as part of Russia and abolished the separate monarchy. However, they continued to use this title.
See
November Uprising
.
- ^
Gelaran penuh baginda ialaj
Beta, Nikolai Kedua, dengan rahmat Tuhan,
Maharaja
dan
Autokrat
segala Russia,
Moscow
,
Kiev
,
Vladimir
,
Novgorod
,
Tsar
Kazan
, Tsar
Astrakhan
, Raja
Poland
, Tsar
Siberia
, Tsar
Tauric Chersonesos
, Tsar of
Georgia
,
Tuan
Pskov
,
Velikiy Kniaz
("Raja Besar")
Smolensk
,
Lithuania
,
Volhynia
,
Podolia
dan
Finland
,
Putera
Estonia
,
Livonia
,
Courland
dan
Semigalia
,
Samogitia
,
Belostok
,
Karelia
,
Tver
,
Yugra
,
Perm
,
Vyatka
,
Bulgaria
, dan kawasan lain; Tuan dan Kniaz Besar
Nizhny Novgorod
,
Chernigov
; Tuan
Ryazan
,
Polotsk
,
Rostov
,
Yaroslavl
,
Beloozero
,
Udoria
,
Obdoria
,
Kondia
,
Vitebsk
,
Mstislav
[
disambiguation needed
]
, and all the northern territories; and Sovereign of
Iveria
,
Kartalinia
, dan tanah-tanah
Kabard
serta kawasan
Armenia
; Tuan dan Raja Pewaris
Circassia
and Mountain Princes and others; Tuan
Turkestan
, Pewaris
Norway
, Herzog
Schleswig-Holstein
,
Stormarn
,
Dithmarschen
,
Oldenburg
dan sebagainya.
- The Sokolov Report, in
Victor Alexandrov
, "The End of The Romanovs", London: 1966
- Boris Antonov
,
Russian Czars
, St.Petersburg, Ivan Fiodorov Art Publishers (
ISBN 5-93893-109-6
)
- Michael M. Baden,
Chapter III: Time of Death and Changes after Death. Part 4: Exhumation
, In: Spitz, W.U. & Spitz, D.J. (eds):
Spitz and Fisher’s Medicolegal Investigation of Death. Guideline for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigations (Fourth edition).
Charles C. Thomas, pp.: 174-183, Springfield, Illinois: 2006
- Paul Grabbe
, "The Private World of the Last Czar" New York: 1985
- Ferro, Marc
,
Nicholas II: Last of the Czars
. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 1993 (hardcover,
ISBN 0-19-508192-7
); 1995 (paperback,
ISBN 0-19-509382-8
)
- Genrikh Ioffe
,
Revoliutsiia i sud'ba Romanovykh
Moscow: Respublika, 1992
(Rusia)
- Coryne Hall
&
John Van der Kiste
,
Once A Grand Duchess : Xenia, Sister of Nicholas II
, Phoenix Mill, Sutton Publishing Ltd., 2002 (hardcover,
ISBN 0-7509-2749-6
)
- Greg King
,
The Court of the Last Czar: Pomp, Power and Pageantry in the Reign of Nicholas II
2006
- Greg King
and
Penny Wilson
, "The Fate of the Romanovs" 2003
- Dominic Lieven
,
Nicholas II: Emperor of All the Russias
. 1993.
- Andrei Maylunas
and
Sergei Mironenko
,
A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas & Alexandra
1999
- Marvin Lyons
,
Nicholas II The Last Czar
, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974 (hardcover,
ISBN 0710078021
)
- Shay McNeal
, "The Secret Plot to Save the Czar" 2001
- Robert K. Massie
,
Nicholas and Alexandra
1967
- Robert K. Massie
,
The Romanovs. The Final Chapter
1995,
ISBN 0394580486
- Bernard Pares
, "The Fall of the Russian Monarchy" London: 1939, reprint London: 1988
- John Perry
[
disambiguation needed
]
and
Konstantin Pleshakov
,
The Flight of the Romanovs
. 1999.
- Edvard Radzinsky
,
The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II
(1992)
ISBN 0-385-42371-3
- Mark D. Steinberg
and
Vladimir M. Khrustalev
,
The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution
, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
- Anthony Summers
and
Tom Mangold
,
The File on the Czar
. 1976.
- Richard Tames
,
Last of the Czars
, London, Pan Books Ltd, 1972
- Andrew M. Verner
,
The Crisis of the Russian Autocracy: Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution
1990
- Ian Vorres
,
The Last Grand Duchess
, London, Finedawn Publishers, 1985 (hardcover)
- Richard Wortman
,
Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy
, vol. 2 2000
- Prince Felix Yussupov
, Lost Splendour
- Elisabeth Heresch
, "Nikolaus II. Feigheit, Luge und Verrat". F.A.Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung, Munchen, 1992
- The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Czar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra, April 1914 ? March 1917
. Edited by Joseph T. Furhmann Fuhrmann. Westport, Conn. and London: 1999
- Letters of Czar Nicholas and Empress Marie
Ed. Edward J. Bing. London: 1937
- Letters of the Czar to the Czaritsa, 1914?1917
Trans. from Russian translations from the original English. E. L. Hynes. London and New York: 1929.
- Nicky-Sunny Letters: correspondence of the Czar and Czaritsa, 1914?1917
. Hattiesburg, Miss: 1970.
- The Secret Letters of the Last Czar: Being the Confidential Correspondence between Nicholas II and his Mother, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna
. Ed. Edward J. Bing. New York and Toronto: 1938
- Willy-Nicky Correspondence: Being the Secret and Intimate Telegrams Exchanged Between the Kaiser and the Czar
. Ed. Herman Bernstein. New York: 1917.
- Paul Benckendorff
,
Last Days at Czarskoe Selo
. London: 1927
- Sophie Buxhoeveden
,
The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress of Russia: A Biography
London: 1928
- Pierre Gilliard
, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court New York: 1921
- A. A. Mossolov
(Mosolov), At the Court of the Last Czar London: 1935
- Anna Vyrubova
,
Memories of the Russian Court
London: 1923
- A.Yarmolinsky, editor, "The Memoirs of Count Witte" New York & Toronto: 1921
- Sir
George Buchanan
(British Ambassador) My Mission to Russia & Other Diplomatic Memories (2 vols, Cassell, 1923)
- Meriel Buchanan
, Dissolution of an Empire, Cassell, 1932
- Gleb Botkin
,
The Real Romanovs
, Fleming H. Revell Co, 1931
- Mark D. Steinberg
and
Vladimir M. Khrustalev
,
The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution
. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995
- "
The Personality Of The Czar: An Explanation, By A Russian Official Of High Authority
".
The World's Work: A History of Our Time
.
VIII
: 5414?5430. 1904.
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*
dilahirkan sebagai seorang Duke Besar, tetapi gelaran dilucutkan oleh
ukase
dari
Alexander III
pada tahun 1886, menghadkan gelaran kepada cucu tsar dari waris lelaki
**
gelaran diberikan oleh Duke Besar Vladimir Cyrillovich
|
Templat:Russian Revolution 1917
Templat:Pretenders to the Russian throne since 1917
Templat:Lists of Russians
Persondata
|
Nama
|
Nicholas II of Russia
|
Nama alternatif
|
Romanov, Nikolay Alexandrovich (full name); Николай Александрович Романов (Russian)
|
Pemerihalan ringkas
|
Czar of Russia
|
Tarikh kelahiran
|
18 May 1868
|
Tempat kelahiran
|
Saint Petersburg
,
Russia
|
Tarikh kematian
|
17 July 1918
|
Tempat kematian
|
Yekaterinburg
,
Russia
|