Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
Gerakan sosial
ialah satu usaha yang disusun secara longgar oleh sekumpulan besar orang untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu, biasanya
sosial
atau
politik
.
[1]
[2]
Ini mungkin untuk melaksanakan, menentang atau membatalkan perubahan sosial. Ini merupakan jenis tindakan kumpulan dan mungkin melibatkan
individu
,
pertubuhan
atau kedua-duanya. Definisi istilah sedikit berbeza.
[3]
Gerakan sosial telah digambarkan sebagai "struktur dan strategi organisasi yang dapat memberi kuasa kepada penduduk yang tertindas untuk menghadapi cabaran yang berkesan dan menentang golongan elit yang lebih kuat dan berfaedah".
[4]
Mereka mewakili kaedah perubahan sosial dari bawah dalam
negara
.
[4]
- ^
Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2009),
"Social movements"
,
A Dictionary of Sociology
(dalam bahasa Inggeris), Oxford University Press,
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:
10.1093/acref/9780199533008.001.0001
,
ISBN
978-0-19-953300-8
, dicapai pada
2020-03-06
- ^
"social movement | Definition of social movement by Webster's Online Dictionary"
.
www.webster-dictionary.org
. Dicapai pada
2020-03-06
.
- ^
Opp, Karl-Dieter (2009-04-08).
Theories of Political Protest and Social Movements: A Multidisciplinary Introduction, Critique, and Synthesis
(dalam bahasa Inggeris). Routledge.
ISBN
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.
- ^
a
b
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. Pine Forge Press. m/s. 150.
ISBN
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.
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.
- David F. Aberle
. 1966. The Peyote Religion among the Navaho. Chicago: Aldine.
ISBN
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- James Alfred Aho. 1990. Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism. Washington:
University of Washington Press
.
ISBN
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- Paul Almeida. 2019. Social Movements: The Structure of Collective Mobilization. Berkeley: University of California Press.
ISBN
9780520290914
- Herbert G. Blumer
1969. "Collective Behavior." In Alfred McClung Lee, ed., Principles of Sociology. Third Edition. New York:
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- Mark Chaves. 1997. Ordaining Women: Culture and Conflict in Religious Organizations. Cambridge:
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.
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.
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(1): 1?18.
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:
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.
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.
- Graeme Chesters and Ian Welsh.
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ISBN
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- Mario Diani and Doug McAdam,
Social movements and networks
, Oxford University Press, 2003.
- Susan Eckstei, ed.
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, Updated Edition,
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ISBN
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- Anthony Giddens
. 1985. The Nation-State and Violence. Cambridge, England: Polity Press.
ISBN
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- Jeff Goodwin
and
James M. Jasper
. 2009.
The Social Movements Reader
. Malden, Massachusetts:
Wiley-Blackwell
.
ISBN
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- Angelique Haugerud,
No Billionaire Left Behind: Satirical Activism in America,
Stanford University Press
, 2013.
ISBN
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- James, Paul
; van Seeters, Paul (2014).
Globalization and Politics, Vol. 2: Global Social Movements and Global Civil Society
. London: Sage Publications.
- James M. Jasper
. 1997.
The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography, and Creativity in Social Movements
. Chicago:
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.
- James M. Jasper
. 2014.
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.
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.
- Jenkins, J. Craig; Perrow, Charles (1977). "Insurgency of the Powerless Farm Worker Movements (1946?1972)".
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.
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.
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.
- Diana Kendall,
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,
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, 2005.
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- William Kornhauser. 1959. The Politics of Mass Society. New York:
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.
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- Donna Maurer. 2002. Vegetarianism: Movement or Moment? Philadelphia:
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.
ISBN
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- Armand L. Mauss
. 1975. Social Problems of Social Movements. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
- Denton E. Morrison. 1978. "Some Notes toward Theory on Relative Deprivation, Social Movements, and Social Change." In Louis E. Genevie, ed., Collective Behavior and Social Movements. Itasca, Ill.: Peacock. pp. 202?209.
- Immanuel Ness
, ed.
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, 2004.
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0-7656-8045-9
.
- Jeff Pugh. 2008. "Vectors of Contestation: Social Movements and Party Systems in Ecuador and Colombia."
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XXI: 46-65.
- Adam Roberts
and
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(eds.),
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, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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.
[1]
- Ryan, Charlotte;
Gamson, William A.
(2006). "The Art of Reframing Political Debates".
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.
- Neil J. Smelser
. 1962. Theory of Collective Behavior. New York: Free Press.
ISBN
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- David Snow
, Sarah A. Soule and
Hanspeter Kriesi
, ed. Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, Blackwell, 2004.
- Suzanne Staggenborg,
Social Movements
,
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, 2008.
ISBN
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- Sidney Tarrow
,
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,
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, 1994.
ISBN
0-521-42271-X
- Temelini, Michael (2013). "Dialogical Approaches to Struggles Over Recognition and Distribution".
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.
17
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:
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.
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.
- Charles Tilly, 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1978.
- Charles Tilly
,
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, Boulder, CO, Paradigm Publishers, 2004 262 pp.
ISBN
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(hardback) /
ISBN
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(paperback)
- Leonard Weinberg, 2013. Democracy and Terrorism. New York: Routledge, 2013.
- Quintan Wiktorowicz,
Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach
, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.
- Marco G. Giugni,
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,
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, 1999,
ISBN
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- Rod Bantjes,
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, CSPI, 2007,
ISBN
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- Michael Barker,
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, Fifth-Estate-Online - International Journal of Radical Mass Media Criticism. February 2007.
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- Dennis Chong, "Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement",
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, 1991,
ISBN
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