???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???. ?? ?????? ????????? ??????, ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? 1923 ????? ?????? ???? ????. ????????? ????????? ??? (RSS), ????? ????? ????? (VHP), ?????? ???? ???? (????) ??? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???. ??? ?????? ???????.

???????? ??????? ????? "?????? ??????????? ???????" ??? "????????? ??????? ?????? ???????" ??? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???. ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? "????? ?????????"?? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????.

???????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ??????? ???????? (OED) ?????, ???????? ?? "?????: ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???; '????????'. ???: ?? ?????????, ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????; ????? ?????????? . ?????? ???????????, OED ?????, ??? ???: "?????? ??????? ???????? (????? ???, ????? ???) ????? ????? ????? (????? ????? ???? : ??? ????? ??.) + ????????? ??????? -???, ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? , ????? ??????? ????, ????? ???????."??????? ??????????? ??? ????, OED ?????: "????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????. ????? ??????? ???? ????. Etymons: ????? ?????, ??????? ?????. (i) ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ????? ???????? ?? ???????, ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????????? (ii) ??????? ?????, ????? ??????? (???? ??????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????), ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ... ?????, ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????."

??????-??????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????, ???????? ?? "?????? ??????????, ????????? ??? ??????? ???"?? ???????? ???. ?? ???? "??????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????: ??? '??????' ??? ??? ?? ?? '?????????'?? ??? ????. ?????, ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ??, ???????? ?? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???. ??? ?????? ???????-???????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????." ?? ??, ??????-??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????, ??? ????? ?? "???? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ? ???, ?????, ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ????????, ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????. ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????, ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ????????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ???."

???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????????, "????????, '????????' ?????? ?????????, ????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????, ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????. ... ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???. ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???; ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???." ? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ???, "???????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????, ?? " ????????" ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???." ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????????, "????????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?????? '?????-????'???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????. (????? ??????) ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????, ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???. ???? ?????-??????????? ????????? ?? ???-???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????, ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????.

????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ?????????, "???????? ("????????") ... ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????; ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????. ????? ??????????? ?????????." ??????????????? ?? ???????? ?????, ???????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????, "????? ?????? ????????" ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? "????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????". ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??, "????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???. ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? '????' ??????? ???????? ?????????? '?????? ????' ???????? ??????? ???????? ????. ????, ???????, ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? (????) ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ????."

?????? [ ?????? ]

????????????, ??????????: ????? ??? ????, ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???. ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? (???????), ???? ??? (????), ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? (????????). ?????????? "?????" ??? "?????" ?? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??????, ???????, ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? "???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????", ????? ???????. ????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????, ?????, ??? ??? ???. ?????????? "????? ????????????" ?? ??????? "?????? ??????"????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ???.

????????? ?????????, ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????????, ??????? ???, ?????? - ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? - "????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????", ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. ???????????? ???, ????????? ???????, ????? ?? "????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???".[18] ?????????? "?????? ????????? ???-???????? ?????????"???? ???????????? ???? ????????? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????-?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????, ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??? ???????? ????????. ??????? ??????????, ????????? ???????, "??????? ?? ??? ????? ????, ??????? ??????", ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? "???????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??????????" ???? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ???????? "??????? ????????" ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????. ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????, ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????.

???? ????, ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ???, ?????? "????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????". ?? ??????????? ????? ?????, ???? ???????, "?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????" ??? "???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???; ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????. ??????? ??????".

???????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ????. ???????? ???????, ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??. ????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ????.

??????? ???????? ???????? [ ?????? ]

??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???. 1966 ?????, ????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? (AIR 1966 SC 1127) ????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????, ?? "????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???". ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? " ?????? ??? ???????, ???????? ??? ??????????, ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????". ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????????? "??????? ??????" ??? ??? ?????? ????? "?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????".

1966???? ????????? ???????? ?????????????, ??????? ???????? ????????????? 1990???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? "???????? ??????" ?????? ????, ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???. ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????????, 1995 ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? "??????????, ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????. ??????? ????? ????????????? ????? ????? ???? ... ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ... ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????... ?? ???? ???????????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????????." ???????? ??????? ???, ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????? "??? ????" ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? "???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????". ????????? ???, ?? ???????? ??? ?? "????? ?????? ??????? ?????? "????????" ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????, ?? ????????, ?????????????, ????? ???? ??? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???". ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????? 1995???? ?????? ???????? "??????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???, ??????????? ?????????? ?. ??? ?????? ???." ??? ?? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????."