?????

????? ; Bison ; 2?0 Ma Pre? ? O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Early Pleistocene? Present
	; ??????? ????? ( Bison bison ) ; ???????? ?????( Bison bonasus )
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	; ????????? ??????? ( IUCN 3.1 )
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	B. bison ; B. bonasus ; † B. antiquus ; † B. latifrons ; † B. occidentalis ; † B. priscus ; † = ????? ???????? ???????

?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???.

????? (Bison) ?? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???. ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????. ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???????. ^[?]

????? ?? ???, ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? - ? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ???. ?????????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ?? ????????, ??? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????. ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ????. ???? ????????? ??????? ????? (????- ????) ?? ?????????? ???????: “????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????. ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????”. ????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????. ^[?]

??????? ????? (bison bison) ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????, ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????. ??????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????. ^[?]^[?] ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???.

???????? ????? (bison bonasus) ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ???. ^[?]

?????? [ ?????? ]

^ Brink, Jack W. (2008). Imagining Head-Smashed-In: Aboriginal Buffalo Hunting on the Northern Plains Archived ?? ??????? ????, at the Wayback Machine . (PDF). Athabasca University Press. ISBN 978-1-897425-09-1 .
^ Gadgil, Madhav (2023). Sahyachala Ani Mee | ???????? ??? ?? - ?? ?????????? . Pune: Rajhans prakashan. ISBN 978-93-95483-26-1 .
^ "?????" . ? ????? ???? ???? ?????? .
^ Olson, Wes. "Bison" . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 17 March 2014 . ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? .
^ "The European bison is no longer a vulnerable species" (??????? ?????). Archived from the original on 2021-04-14 . ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? .

[1] Brink, Jack W. (2008). Imagining Head-Smashed-In: Aboriginal Buffalo Hunting on the Northern Plains Archived ?? ??????? ????, at the Wayback Machine . (PDF). Athabasca University Press. ISBN 978-1-897425-09-1 .

[2] Gadgil, Madhav (2023). Sahyachala Ani Mee | ???????? ??? ?? - ?? ?????????? . Pune: Rajhans prakashan. ISBN 978-93-95483-26-1 .

[3] "?????" . ? ????? ???? ???? ?????? .

[4] Olson, Wes. "Bison" . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 17 March 2014 . ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? .

[5] "The European bison is no longer a vulnerable species" (??????? ?????). Archived from the original on 2021-04-14 . ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? .

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