한국   대만   중국   일본 
???? ????????? ???? - ?????????? Jump to content

???? ????????? ????

??????????, ?????? ????????????
???? ????????? ????
????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???
?????? ?? ?-?? ?, ?.?. ????
????? ???? ??????
?????? ?????? ????, ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
???????? ????
Flag of the United States  ????????? ??????? ????????

, ऑस्ट्रेलिया ध्वज  ???????????

जपान ध्वज  ????
???????
?????? ??? ??????
युनायटेड किंग्डम ??? ???????? ?????
???? ??. ??????
????? ???
अमेरिका ????? ????? 		जपान ???????? ????
जपान ????? ?????
जपान ???????? ????
जपान ??????? ????
जपान ????? ????
???????
? ????????? ???? , ? ?????? , ?? ???????? , ? ??????? , ? ???????????????? ???? , ??? ?????? [?] ? ?????? ????????? ????, ? ???? ????????? ????, ? ??????, ?? ????????, ? ??????????, ? ????????, ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????, ? ?????, ? ???????, ? ???????????????? ????, ?? ????????? ????, ??? ??????. [?]
??? ??? ??????
? ????????? ???? ??????, ? ????????, ? ???????, ? ????????? ?????? ??????, ?? ??????. [?]
??? ?????/????? [?] 		? ???? ????????? ????, ? ?????????, ? ?????? ????????? ????, ? ????????, ? ????????? ??????? ??????, ?? ??????. [?]
??? ?????/????? [?]

???? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????.

?? ? -?, ?.?. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ? ??????? ? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ????. ???????????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????.

?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ????????? ???? ? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????. ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????????-??????? ?????? ????? ?????.

?? ? ??? ?? ? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????. ?? ??????? ??????????? ??.??.??. ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????. ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????. ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???. ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??.??.??. ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????. ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????. ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????.

?????????? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????????? ????? ????. ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????. ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????. ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ???? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????.

??????????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ???????

??????? ? , ?.?. ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????. ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????. ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????. ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????????? ? , ?.?. ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ???. ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????. [?]

?? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????, ?????? , ???????? , ?? ???? ?????, ??? ????? , ???? ?????? , ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????. ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????. [?] ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? (??????) ???????????? ???? ????.

????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ????. ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ???????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????. ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????. ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????. ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? , ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????. ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????. [?]

???????? ????, ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????

?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????. ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ?? ?-? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????. ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????. ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????. ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ????. ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????. ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ???? ????. ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ????. [??]

??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????. ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????, ?? ???? ????????, ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????????? ?????. [??]

????? ??????????? ??????????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????

???? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????. ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????????????? ????-???? ?? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??% ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????. [??] ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????. ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????. ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????. [??]

????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????. ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. [??]

?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??.??.??. ????????? , ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????. ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????. ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ???????? ??.??.??. ??????????? , ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????????? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ??. ?????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????. ??? ??.??.??. ?????????? ??? ??.??.??. ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????. [??] ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???. [??]

?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????????? ????? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????. [??]

???? [ ?????? ]

????? [ ?????? ]

?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??.?. ?? ??? ??.?.-?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ??? ????? ????? , ?????? ???? , ??????? ????????? , ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????. ????? ????????? ???? ???? ? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????. [??]

????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?,??? ????? ???? ????. ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????. ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????. ??????? ????????? ?? ? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????, ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????. [??]

?? ?-? ??????????? ??????? [??]

????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ?,??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????. ????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????. [??]

???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????, ??? ?????? ????????? ????, ??? ????????, ??? ????????????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ???? , ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????. ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????, ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ????. ?? ?-? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????. [??] ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????. [??]

???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ????. ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????. ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? [??]

?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? , ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ? ???? ??????. ??????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????. ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????. ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????. [??]

?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????????? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. [??]

????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???.

???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??-??, ??-??, ??-?? ??? ??-?? ?? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????. ?? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?- ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????. ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????. ??-?? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??.??.??. ????????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????. ??-???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????. ?? ????? ??????? ???-?? ??? ???-?? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????. [??]

?? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????. [??] ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????. ????? ????? ?? ??.??.??. ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??.??.??. ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????. ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????. ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????. ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????. ?? ???????? ??.??.?.??. ??????????? , ??.??.?.??. ??????? ??? ??.??.??. ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????. [??]

?????? [ ?????? ]

????? ???: ?????????? ?????? (?? ????)

?? ? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????. ????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????. ????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????. ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????. ????????? ???? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????. ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????. ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????. [??]

?? ??? ?????????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????. ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ?????. [??] ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????. ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? [ ????? ???? ????? ] ? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????. ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????. [??]

???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????. [??]

??????? ??? ????????? [ ?????? ]

?? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??, ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ?? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????. [??] ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????????. ? ???????? ????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????. [??]

?? ?, ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????

??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ? ???? ????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????. ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ??? ???????? ????? ????. ?????????? ? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????. [??] ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????. [??]

? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????. ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??????. ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ?? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????. [??]

?? ?-? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????

???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ????? ??-?? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????. [??] ????? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???. ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? (????) ????????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????. ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???. [??]

?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ??.??.??. ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????. ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ?????. [??]

?? ?-? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. [??]

?????? - ???? ? [ ?????? ]

???? [ ?????? ]

?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????. ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??.? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????. ?????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????. ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????. [??]

??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????

????????? ???????? ??.??.??. ????????????? ?? ??.??.??. ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?????? ???? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????, ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????. [??]

????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??.??.??. ?????? .

??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????. ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????, ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????. ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????. [??] ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????. ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??.??.??. ?????? ??? ??.??.??. ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????. ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? , ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????. [??]

??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????. ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????. ??????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????????, ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????. [??]

?????????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ??. ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ????????? ???? ? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????. [??] ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????. ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ????????? , ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ????. ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???. ???????? ???? ??? ????????????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??-?? ??????????? [??] ?? ????????, ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ????. ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????. ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????. [??]

??????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ?????????? ?????? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???. ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????. ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????. ????????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????. [??]

???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????????. ??? ? ?? ?????????.

?????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????. ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ??????????? ????????? ????. ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????. ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. [??]

??????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? .

???? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????. ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? [ ????? ???? ????? ] ????. ??????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?-? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????. [??]

?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????

??.??.??. ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??. ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?,??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????. ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??.??.??. ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?,??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????. ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????-?????????? ??????????? ??????. ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ?? ????? ???? ????. ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?. ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? - ??????? ?? ????? ???! ?????? ??? . (??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????. -- ???). [??]

????? [ ?????? ]

????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????, ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????. ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????. ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????. ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????. ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????. [??]

???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????. ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????. ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????. [??]

?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? (??????) ?????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. [??]

??.??.?.??. ??????????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????

?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????. ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????. [??]

??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????. ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????/??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. [??]

???? ??????? ??????? ????????? (??????) ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???. ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???. ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????. ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ????????????? ????? ????????? ??? ????. ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????. [??]

??????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????. ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????. ?? ???????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???. ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????. ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????. [??]

???????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????. ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????. ????? ??. ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????. [??]

????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????. ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?????. ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????. ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? (??????) ???? ????. ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????. ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????. ?? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????. [??]

????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????. ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????. ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???. [??]

????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????. ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????. ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????. [??]

?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????.

?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????. ?? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??.??. ???????? ?? ? , ?.?. ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ??????? ????. [??] ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? (????) ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????. [??]

?????? - ???? ? [ ?????? ]

????? ????????????? ????? [ ?????? ]

?? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ?.????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????????. ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????, ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ??????. ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????. ???? ????????? ???????? ?-?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????. [??]

? ??, ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????????

???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ?.??????? ????. ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?.????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????. ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??-?? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????. [??]

?? ????? ??? ????????? ??.??.??. ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ??. ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????. [??]

????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???.

??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?? ????, ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????. ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??? ????. ????????? ???? ??? ????, ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????, ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????. ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????. [??]

????????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?. ???? ??:???? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ?? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????. ????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????. ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????. ?? ???????????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???. ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? [ ????? ???? ????? ] ??? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? [ ????? ???? ????? ] ??? ????? ??? [ ????? ???? ????? ] ???? ???? ?????? ????. [??]

?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????. ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????. [??]

?????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????. [??]

??????? ????????????? ????? [ ?????? ]

????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??.??.??. ???????????
????? ????????????? ??????????????? ? ???? ??????? ??????

?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??:?? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???. ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????. ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ? ??? ????????????????? ?????. [??] ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ????. ????????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????. [??] ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????. ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ????. ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????. ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? (?? ????) ??? ???? ????? ???. [??]

??.??.??. ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???

?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?-? ???????? ??????? ??,??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????. ???????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???. ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? [ ????? ???? ????? ] ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???. ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????. ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????. ??? ?? ??????? ????? ? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????. [??]

?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ????? ????????? ?????. ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? (?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????) ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????, ?? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???. ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????. ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. [??]

?????????, ????????? ??? ????? [ ?????? ]

????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ????. ???????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????, ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???. [??]

???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????????? ??? ?????????? (??????) ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???/???? ? ???????????? ???? ????. ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???. ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????. ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????. [??]

???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????. ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????. ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ????. ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????. [??]

??? ?????? ???????????

??????????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????. ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ???????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ??. ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ????????? ????????? ???. ?????????? ???????? ????? ??.??.??. ????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ?????. ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??,?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????. ???????? ???????? ?,??? ???????????? ??? ??? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????. ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ????. ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????. [??]

????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??.?.??.?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??.??.??. ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ????. ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???. ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????. [??]

??????? [ ?????? ]

?? ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????????? ????? ????. ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????. ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???. ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????. [??]

?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????. ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???. ??????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????. ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????. ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????. [??] ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??.??.???. ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??.??.??. ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ??????. ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???. [??]

?? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????. ?? ?? ???? ??????????? ??.??.??. ??-?? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????. ??????? ?????? ??. ??????, ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????. ????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???. ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? (??????) ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ?.??????? ?????. ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????. ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???. ????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????. ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????. ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. [??]

?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????

?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????. ??????? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???-??? ????? ????????? ????? ????. ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ??-?? ?? ????????? ??????????? ??.??.??. ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????. [??]

?????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ????????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

?? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????. ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????. ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????. ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? (?????? ?? ???) ???????? ? ????? ??????????? ?????? (???+ ???) ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????. ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????. ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???. [??] ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????. ????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ?????, ???, ?. ???????? ????????????? ????? ??? ????. [??]

????? ????????????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ????. ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????. ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??. ????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????. ????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????, ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???. ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????. ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????. [??]

??????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????. ??? ???????? ???????, ????????? ???????????? ???????, ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????, ????? ???????? ????? ??????, ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????. ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????. ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????. ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. [??] ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???. [??]

?? ?? , ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ????.

?? ???????????? ????? , ????? ?????? , ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????. ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ????. ???? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????. [??]

???????? [ ????? ???? ????? ] ??? ?????????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????. ?????????? ???? ? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? ????, ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ????, ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????????. ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??, ??.??.??. ??????????? , ????????? ?????? ?? ???. [??] ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????. [??]

?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ????. ?? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???? ????. ??????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????. [??]

?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????. ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????. ???????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????. [??] [???]

?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????. ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. [???] ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????. ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???. [???]

??????? ???? [ ?????? ]

?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ????, ???? , ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???. ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????????????????? ??.??.??. ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??-???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????. ????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????. [???]

???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????

???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????. ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????. ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????. [???]

???? ??????????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????. ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ????. ??? ? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????. [???]

?????? ??????????? ????? [ ?????? ]

???? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????. ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????????? ????? ????? ????. ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????. ???????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????. [???]

????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????. ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????????? ???? ????. [???]

????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????. [???] ????? ? , ???? ???? ??,??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?,??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ????. [???] ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??? ??????-????????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????. ?????????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????. [???] ????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????. [???]

?????? ??? ????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ^ ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????: ??????????? - ?? ??.??.??. ??????? ?????? ??????, ?? ??.??.??. ???????????? ??????????? ??????, ?? ????????? ???? ??????; ????????? - ?? ???????, ?? ????????????, ?? ?????-? ???? ??????(??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. ???).
  2. ^ ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????, ??? ??????????, ? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ????????????? ????????? ????????: ?????? - ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????, ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????; ??????? - ?? ?????? , ?? ???????? , ?? ????; ???? - ? ?????? , ? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ? ???? (??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. ???; ?????, ??. ???.) ??????? (??.??)???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????.
  3. ^ ??????? (????), ??. ???; ???????, ??. ???; ??????, ??. ???-???. ????????? ???? ?? ?? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ?? ??.??.??. ??????? , ?? ??.??.??. ???????????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????. ???? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ???? ???? (??????). ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ??-?? ???????? ????? ? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????. (??????, ??. ???).
  4. ^ ????????? ????????? ??????: ????????? -??, ??????????? -??. ???? ????????? ?????: ??????????? -???, ????????? -??, ????? -???, ?????? -???, ?????? -? (???????; ONI, ??. ??-??). ??????????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ?????.
  5. ^ ??????????, ???????????? ??????, ??. ??; ??????? (????), ??.???; ?????, ??.???. ????????????? ???? ?????? ??????: ??  ???? , ??  ???????? , ??  ?????? . ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ????? (???? ?), ??? ???? ?????????????, ??? ?? ????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????
  6. ^ ??? ????????? ??????: ????????????? ?????????-??, ???? -???, ?????? -???, ?????? ??????????-??, ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ???????-?? (????, ??.???-???; ???, ??.??; ????, ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ).
  7. ^ ??????, ??.?; ?????, ??.??-??.
  8. ^ ???, ??.???-???; ??????? (????), ??.???; ??????? (????), ??. ???; ?????, ??.??-??; ??????, ??.??; ??????, ??.?.
  9. ^ ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? (USACMH) (??? ?????), ??. 127; ??????, ??. 5; ??????, ??. 21?22; ??????? (1983), ??. 52?53, ??????? (2002), ??. 10?13; ??????, ??. 42?43; ??, ??. 122?125; ?????, ??. 24?27; ???????, ??. 92?93; ??????, ??. 14?15; ??????, ??. 10; ???????, ??. 27?29. The ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? 1942????? ?? ??????? ????? ????.(???????, ??. 49).
  10. ^ ???, ??. 39, ????, ??. 8?9; ??????? (1983), ??. 84; ??????? (2002), ??. 12?13 ??? 16?17; ??????, ??. 42?43 ??? 50?51; ??, ??. 122?125; ?????, ??. 27?31; ?????????? (2006), ??. 138; ???????, ??. 50; ???????, ??. 27?29 ??? 31?32. ????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????.(??????, ??. 50). ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????(???????, ??. 56).
  11. ^ ?????, ??. 57, ??????? (2002), ??. 16?17, ??, ??. 122?124; ?????????? (2006), ??. 121?122; ???????, ??. 94; ??????, ??. 11; ???????, ??. 57?59. ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ???????????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????(?????????? ??? ???????).
  12. ^ ??????, ??. ??-??; ???????, (????), ??. ??-??; ???????, ??. ??. ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????. (???????, ??. ??-??; ?????????? (????), ??. ???). ????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??.??. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ??????? ????.(???????, ??. 300?303).
  13. ^ ???????, ??. 301.
  14. ^ ??????, ??. 24; ???????, ??. ???????; ????, ??. 7; ??????? (2002), ??. 22?25; ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 167; ???????, ??. 83; ?????, ??. 31?32; ?????????? (2006), ??. 121?122, 125, ??? 128?129; ??????, ??. 14?15; ?????, ??. 69?72; ??????, ??. 11?13; ???????, ??. 60?61; ???????, ??. ???. ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? (?????, ??. 70). ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? (?????????? ??? ??????, ??. ??). ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????, ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? (?????, ??. ??). ?????????? ??? (??. ??-??) ?? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???.
  15. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. ???????, ???????, ??????? (????), ??. ?????; ????, ??. ?????; ???????, ??. ?????; ?????, ??. ?????; ?????????? (2006), ??. ???????; ??????, ??. ??. Lexington had returned to Pearl Harbor on March 26, 1942 after operating in the Coral Sea with ????????? ??? departed on April 15 to deliver 14 United States Marine Corps Brewster Buffalo fighters ??? pilots to Palmyra Atoll . After the delivery, on April 18, TF11 was ordered to head for Fiji ??? then towards New Caledonia to rendezvous with TF17 (??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 135 ??? 163?166). Halsey was to take comm??? of all three task forces once TF16 arrived in the Coral Sea area (??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 167). TF17 consisted of ????????? , cruisers Astoria , Chester , ??? Portl??? , plus the destroyers Hammann , ?????? , Perkins , Morris , Russell , ??? Sims ??? oilers ?????? ??? Tippecanoe . ?????????'s captain was Elliott Buckmaster . TF11 included the cruisers Minneapolis ??? New Orleans plus destroyers Phelps , Dewey , Aylwin , ??? Monaghan (??????? 1983, ??. 189). TF16 departed Pearl Harbor on April 30 (??????????).
  16. ^ ??????? (1983), ??. 185?186.
  17. ^ ??????? (2002), ??. 25?26; ?????????? (2006), ??. 139; ????????, ??. 157.
  18. ^ ???????? (1954), ??. 54; ????? ??? ???????? "RO-33" ??? "RO-34".
  19. ^ ???????, ??. ??, ????, ??. ?, ??, ??. ???-???; ???????, ??. ???; ???, ??. ??; ?????, ??. ??; ??????, ??. ?????; ?????????? (????), ??. ???; ???????, ??. ??; ???????, ??. ??; ???????, ??. ???; ?????, ??. ??. The South Seas Detachment was commanded by ???? ???? ???????? ???? (???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? (??? ?), ??. ??). Rottman states that the South Seas Detachment included 4,886 total troops including the 55th Infantry Group ??? 144th Infantry Regiment from the 55th Division , 47th Field Anti-Aircraft Battalion, ??? attached medical ??? water supply support units. ?????? ???? only lists nine transports by name (???????, ??. ?????).
  20. ^ USACMH (Vol 1), ??. 48.
  21. ^ ?????????, ??. 82, 112; ??????? (1983), ??. 143. McCarthy does not give exact numbers, but states that 1,000 troops, including an infantry battalion, were at Port Moresby in December 1941 ??? that two more battalions arrived the next month. ??????? (p. 143) states that 4,250 troops were delivered on January 3, 1942 bringing the Port Moresby garrison to three infantry battalions, one field artillery battalion, ??? a battery of anti-aircraft guns.
  22. ^ ?????, ??. 58?60; ??, ??. 124.
  23. ^ ?????, ??. 37; ?????????? (2006), ??. 147.
  24. ^ ????, ??. 7, ??, ??. 124?125; ??????? (2002), ??. 38; ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 188; ?????????? (2006), ??. 143. One of ????'s Zeros ditched in the ocean on May 2 ??? the pilot, Tamura Shunichi, was killed. ?????????? (2006) states that the seaplane base on Santa Isabel was at Thousand Ships Bay, not ?????? ?? (??. ???) as reported in other sources.
  25. ^ Tully, "IJN ??????"; ???, ??. 40?41; ??, ??. 124?125; ?????, ??. 31 ??? 150; ?????????? (2006), ??. 138 ??? 145; ???????, ??. 94; ???ison, ??. 526; ??????? (1983), ??. 210?211. The Carrier Strike Force was originally tasked with conducting surprise air raids on Allied air bases at Coen , Cooktown, ??? ???????????, Australia but the raids were later cancelled by Inoue as Takagi's carriers approached the Solomons (??????????).
  26. ^ ??????? (2002), ??. 38?39; ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 187; ?????????? (2006), ??. 140?145. The nine Zeros were intended for the Tainan Air Group based at Vunakanau Airfield . ??? ???????? B5N torpedo bombers accompanied the Zeros to return the pilots back to the carriers. The sources do not say whether the pilot in the ditched Zero was recovered.
  27. ^ ???, ??. 40; ??????? (2002), ??. 39; ???????, ??. 84?86; ?????????? (2006), ??. 139 ??? 144; ???????? (1954), ??. 54; ??????, ??. 22; ????? ??? ???????? "RO-33" ??? "RO-34". ?????? detached destroyers ?????? ??? ????? to look for the submarine. The two ships returned the next morning (May 3) without making contact with the sub (?????????? 2006, ??. 144). I-27 , along with I-21 , was assigned to scout around Noumea during the MO operation (Hackett, "IJN Submarine I-28").
  28. ^ ??????, ??. 20.
  29. ^ Office of Naval Intelligence (ONL), ??. 3; ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 167; ???????, ??. 84; Woolridge, ??. 37; ?????, ??. 41?43; Pelvin; ??, ??. 126; ?????????? (2006), ??. 141?144. TF44's destroyers were USS Perkins , USS Walke , ??? USS Farragut . Chicago ??? Perkins sortied from Noumea with the rest from Australia. TF44 was formerly known as the ANZAC Squadron ??? was assigned to MacArthur's comm??? under U.S. Rear Admiral Herbert Fairfax Leary (?????????? (2006), ??. 133; ??????, ??. 15; ???, ??. 34). Crace was senior in time in rank to ??????, but the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board assented to a request from King that Allied naval carrier forces in the area operate under the comm??? of a U.S. flag officer (?????????? (2006), ??. 133). The two oilers carried a total of ?,??,??? barrel (??,??? ?? ? ). TF11 ??? TF17 together burned about ??,??? barrels per day (?,??? m 3 /d) at normal cruising speed (?? ??? (?? ???/???; ?? ????/??)) (?????????? (2006), ??. 135). The destroyer Worden accompanied Tippecanoe to Efate (ONI, ??. 11).
  30. ^ ?????, ??. 60; ??????? (2002), ??. 38; ?????????? (2006), ??. 144?145; ???????, ??. 95?96; Hata, ??. 58.
  31. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 168; ??, ??. 126?127; ?????, ??. 62; ???????, ??. 86; ???, ??. 43; ????, ??. 20; ??????, ??. 27; ?????, ??. 43?45; ?????????? (2006), ??. 144?146. The order to maintain radio silence was to help conceal the presence of the forces from the enemy. ??????? states that Shima's force was sighted by Australia-based U.S. Army aircraft from Darwin , Glencurry, ??? ??????????? (???????, ??. 84), but ?????????? says that the sighting was most likely by a coastwatcher in the Solomons. ?????? (p. 24) speculates that Fitch should have tried to inform ?????? of his status via an aircraft-delivered message.
  32. ^ ?????????? (2006), ??. 146?149; Brown, ??. 62, ????, ??. 21?31; ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 168?178; ?????, ??. 63; ???????, ??. 87?94; ?????, ??. 45?51; ??, ??. 127?128; ??????, ??. 25?28; Nevitt, "IJN Kikuzuki"; Hackett, "IJN Seaplane Tender Kiyokawa Maru". ?????????'s operational aircraft for this day's action consisted of 18 F4F-3 Wildcat fighters, 30 SBD-3 dive bombers, ??? 12 TBD-1 torpedo planes (?????????? ??? ???????).
  33. ^ ?????????? (2006), ??. 147; ???????, ??. 96. U.S. Army ??? RAAF aircraft sighted Got?'s ships several times during May 4. ???ison (p. 518) states that an RAAF PBY, comm???ed by Flying Officer Nomran, which was shadowing Got? reported that it was under attack ??? disappeared.
  34. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 178?179; ??????? (2002), ??. 40?41; ????, ??. 33; ???????, ??. 93?94; Woolridge, ??. 37; ?????, ??. 51?52; ??, ??. 128; ?????????? (2006), ??. 150; ???????, ??. 96; ??????, ??. 28?29. ??????? states that the Kawanishi was from Tulagi but ?????????? says that it was one of three flying from the Shortl???s along with six from Tulagi (?????????? 2006, ??. 150). ??????? says it was from Rabaul.
  35. ^ ??????? (2002), ??. 40?41; ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 178?179; ????, ??. 34; ???????, ??. 94?95; Hoehling, ??. 39; ?????, ??. 52?53; ?????????? (2006), ??. 150?153. During the fueling, ????????? transferred seven crewmembers with reassignment orders to ?????? . Four of them subsequently perished in the attack on the tanker (???????, ??. 94?95).
  36. ^ ??????? (2002), ??. 41?42; ????, ??. 33?34; ?????????? (2006), ??. 139; ??, ??. 127?128; ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 181; ???????, ??. 93; ?????, ??. 51?53; ?????????? (2006), ??. 147 ??? 152?153; ???????, ??. 96; ??????, ??. 29. Got? refueled his cruisers from the oiler Ir? near the Shortl??? Isl???s on May 5 (??????, ??. 29). Also this day, Inoue shifted the four I -class submarines deployed in the Coral Sea to a point ??? nautical mile (??? ????) northeast of Australia. None of the four would be a factor in the battle (?????????? 2006, ??. 150). Since Takagi transited the Solomons during the night, the Noumea-based U.S. Navy PBYs did not sight him (??????????). Takagi's oiler was T?h? Maru (??????????).
  37. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 179?181; ????, ??. 37; ???????, ??. 84 ??? 94?95; ?????, ??. 54?55; ?????????? (2006), ??. 155; ??????, ??. 29?31. Fitch's comm??? was called Task Group 17.5 ??? included four destroyers as well as the carriers; Grace's comm??? was redesignated as Task Group 17.3, ??? the rest of the cruisers ??? destroyers ( Minneapolis , New Orleans , Astoria , Chester , Portl??? ??? five destroyers from Captain Alex???er R. Early's Destroyer Squadron One ) were designated Task Group 17.2 under Rear Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid (?????????? (2006), ??. 137).
  38. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 181?182; ????, ??. 35; ??, ??. 130; ?????????? (2006), ??. 155?156.
  39. ^ Chicago Sun Times newspaper article, 18 (?) June 1942, Chicagoan B-17 pilot, William B. Campbell [sic] Actually William Haddock Campbell, Army Air Force B-17 pilot. Reported out of Melbourne, Australia.
  40. ^ The B17s were from the 40th Reconnaisance Squadron. Salecker ??. 179; ????, ??. 35; ?????, ??. 55; ??, ??. 130; ?????????? (2006), ??. 155?157; ???????, ??. 97; ??????, ??. 31?32; ???ison, ??. 519. Three B-17s from Port Moresby attacked G?to's ships at 10:30 (?? ??? ??????????, 2006). Got?'s ships were stationed about ?? nautical mile (??? ????) northeast of Deboyne (???????) to screen the left flank of Abe's ??? Kajioka's ships. Hackett ("HIJMS Furutaka") states four B-17s attacked Got?'s cruisers as they refueled at the Shortl???s , causing no damage. ???? provided a combat air patrol over the invasion convoy until sundown (??????, ??. 32). The B-17s were from the 19th Bombardment Group (??????, ??. 31). Crave (p. 448) ??? ???ison (p. 523) state MacArthur's reconnaisance B-17s ??? B-25s from the 90th Bombardment Squadron provided ?????? with sightings of the Japanese invasion forces, including Got?'s, on May 4 ??? 5 but the U.S. Navy, for unexplained reasons, has no record of having received these sighting reports. ???ison states that an RAAF reconnaissance PBY, comm???ed by Squadron Leader G. E. Hemsworth, was lost to enemy action near the ????????? on May 6.
  41. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 181?182; ????, ??. 37; ???????, ??. 94?95; ?????, p 56. ?????? was supposed to shuttle between two prearranged rendezvous points, "Rye" ( 16°S 158°E  /  16°S 158°E  / -16; 158 ) ??? "Corn" ( 15°S 160°E  /  15°S 160°E  / -15; 160 ) to be available to provide additional fuel to TF17 as needed (???????, ??. 94 ??? ??????, ??. 33).
  42. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 181; ????, ??. 35; ?????, ??. 57; ??, ??. 130; ?????????? (2006), ??. 154 ??? 157; ???????, ??. 62; ??????, ??. 31?32. ?????????? states there was another ship with Kamikawa Maru which helped set up the Deboyne base but does not identify the ship (?????????? 2006, ??. 154).
  43. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 189?190 ??? 206?209; ????, ??. 51?52; ???????, ??. 94; ?????, ??. 62?63; ?????????? (2006), ??. 161?162; ??????, ??. 50; ??????, ??. 37. At this time, TG17.3 consisted of cruisers Chicago , Australia , ??? Hobart ??? destroyers Walke , Perkins , ??? Farragut . Farragut was detached from TF17's screen (????? ??? ??????).
  44. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 189?190; ????, ??. 37?38 ??? 53; ?????, ??. 57?58 ??? 63; ?????????? (2006), ??. 159 ??? 165?166; ??????, ??. 33?34. At this time TF17 had 128 ??? Takagi 111 operational aircraft (?????????? 2006, ??. 159). Also this day, Inoue ordered the four I -class submarines to deploy further south to intercept any Allied ships returning to Australia following the impending battle (?????????? 2006, ??. 159).
  45. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 190; ???????, ??. 95; ??, ??. 130; ?????????? (2006), ??. 166.
  46. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 190?191; ????, ??. 38; ???????, ??. 95; ?????, ??. 58?59; ?????????? (2006), ??. 166. ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????.
  47. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 192?193; ???????, ??. 95; ?????, ??. 59; ?????????? (2006), ??. 166?167; Werneth, ??. 67. ??????? reports that a scout SBD piloted by John L. Nielsen shot down an Aichi E13A from Deboyne, killing its crew including plane comm???er Eiichi Ogata. Another SBD, piloted by Lavell M. Bigelow, destroyed an E13 from Furutaka comm???ed by Chuichi Matsumoto.
  48. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 193; ????, ??. 53; ???????, ??. 95; ??, ??. 131; ?????, ??. 66?69; ?????????? (2006), ??. 163?164; ??????, ??. 54; ??????, ??. 40. The SBD's coding system was a board with pegs ??? holes to allow for rapid transmission of coded ship types. In Nielsen's case, the board was apparently not aligned properly (???????). Many of the sources are not completely clear on who exactly Nielsen spotted. ?? says he spotted the "Close Cover Force". Got?'s unit was called the "Distant Cover Force" or "Covering Group" ??? Marumo's was called the "Cover Force" or "Support Group". ????? ??? ?????? state that Nielsen sighted "Marushige's" cruisers, not Got?'s. Marushige is presumably Marumo's cruiser force. ?????????? (2006) states that Nielsen sighted Got?.
  49. ^ Army Air Corps B-17 pilot, COL William H. Campbell, USAF (Retired)
  50. ^ Salecker, ??. 179?180; ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 193?196; ????, ??. 53?54; ???????, ??. 95?96; ?????, ??. 66?69; ??, ??. 131?132; ?????????? (2006), ??. 165?167; ??????, ??. 54; ??????, ??. 40?41. ?????????? says the B-17 sighting was ?? ??? (?? ????) from the cruisers but ??????? says ?? nautical mile (??? ????). USACMH (Vol 1) (p. 47) states that 10 B-17s were involved. At 11:00, TF17's combat air patrol (CAP) shot down a Kawanishi Type 97 from Tulagi (??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 196?197, ?????????? 2006, ??. 168). Ten F4Fs, 28 SBDs, ??? 12 TBDs were from Lexington ??? eight F4F, 25 SBD, ??? 10 TBD were from ????????? (??????? ??? ?????????? 2006). The Kinugasa floatplane reported the launch of the U.S. strike force (?????????? 2006, ??. 167). The three B-17s, after making their sighting report, bombed the Kamikawa Maru at Deboyne but caused only minor damage (?????????? 2006, ??. 166).
  51. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 205?206; ????, ??. 38?39; ???????, ??. 95; ?????, ??. 60?61; ??, ??. 130?131; ?????????? (2006), ??. 167. The two Sh?kaku scout aircraft, which had lingered over the target area trying to assist the strike force in locating the American ships, did not have sufficient fuel to return to their carrier ??? ditched on the Indispensable Reefs (see photo at right). The two crews were rescued by a Japanese destroyer, perhaps Ariake (???????, ??. 92), on May 7. Ariake sighted the two unrecovered ????????? airmen from the Tulagi strike floating off Guadalcanal, but did not attempt to capture or kill them (???????, ??. 92).
  52. ^ ONI, ??. 19; ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 205?206; ????, ??. 38?50, 71, 218 ??? 221; ???????, ??. 95; Hoehling, ??. 43; ?????, ??. 60?62 ??? 71; ??, ??. 130?131; ?????????? (2006), ??. 164?167; ??????, ??. 34?35. Several sources, including ????, ?????, ??? ?????? state that ?????? was attacked first by one, then three or more horizontal bombers around 09:05 before the main Japanese strike. What had, in fact, occurred was that several Japanese torpedo aircraft had dropped target designators near the oiler while the main strike force approached (?????????? 2006, ??. 167). The dive bomber which crashed into ?????? was piloted by Petty Officer Second Class Shigeo Ishizuka with Petty Officer Third Class Masayoshi Kawazoe as the rear gunner/observer (Werneth, ??. 66). Both were killed. Sixteen survivors from Sims were taken aboard ?????? , but one died soon after ??? another died after rescue four days later. The captain of Sims , Willford Hyman , was killed in the attack. One of ??????'s crewmen, Oscar V. Peterson , was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his efforts to save the ship in spite of severe ??? ultimately fatal injuries suffered during the attack. At the time of the attack, ??????'s crew numbered 288 officers ??? men. Twenty are known to have died in the attack. A post-attack muster counted 110 personnel. The remaining 158 crewmen (including four officers) panicked ??? ab???oned ship during or shortly after the attack. Of the men who ab???oned ship, only four were eventually recovered; the rest died or vanished (ONI, ??. 48?53; Phillips, ????, ??. 130 ??? 192?193; ??????, ??. 35?37).
  53. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 197?198 (says ?,??? ????? (?,??? ??) for the cruisers with ???? ); ????, ??. 54?55; ???????, ??. 96?97; ?????, ??. 69; ??, ??. 132; ?????????? (2006), ??. 168?169; ??????, ??. 54?56. ???? was preparing a strike of five torpedo planes ??? three Zeros belowdecks when the American attack occurred. Three Zeros were aloft at the beginning of the attack ??? three more were launched as the attack commenced. Senshi S?sh? , Japan's War Ministry's official history, apparently specifies that Got?'s cruisers were ?,??? ????? (?,??? ??) to ?,??? ????? (?,??? ??) away in order to warn the carrier of incoming aircraft, not to provide anti-aircraft support (?????????? 2006, ??. 169 ??? a privately made sketch from the Senshi S?sho ). Japanese carrier defense doctrine at that time relied on maneuvering ??? fighter defenses to avoid air attack instead of concentrated anti-aircraft fire from escorting warships (??????????).
  54. ^ Brown, ??. 62, ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 198?206; ????, ??. 55?61; Tully, "IJN Shoho"; ???????, ??. 96?98; ?????, ??. 69?71; ??, ??. 132; ?????????? (2006), ??. 168?169; Hata, ??. 59; ??????, ??. 41?42; ??????? (2002), ??. 43; United States Strategic Bombing Survey, ??. 57. One of the shot-down SBD crews, from ????????? , was rescued. Dixon's phrase was quoted by Chicago Tribune war correspondent Stanley Johnston in a June 1942 article ??? subsequently requoted in most accounts of the Pacific War. Lexington's comm???ing officer, Captain Frederick C. Sherman , credited Dixon, comm???ing officer of squadron VS-2, with coining the word "flattop" which became st???ard slang for an aircraft carrier. Of the 203 ???? crewmen rescued, 72 were wounded. ????'s captain, Izawa Ishinosuke, survived. Sazanami was ????'s plane guard destroyer. Four Zeros ??? one Type 96 fighter were shot down during the attack. The remaining two Zeros ??? one Type 96 ditched at Deboyne. The surviving Type 96 pilot was Shiro Ishikawa. One of the surviving Zero pilots was Kenjiro N?tomi, comm???er of ????'s fighter group (??????????).
  55. ^ ONI, ??. 17; ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 206?207; ????, ??. 61; ???????, ??. 96?97; ?????, ??. 71?72; ?????????? (2006), ??. 170. U.S. intelligence personnel at Pearl Harbor ??? with TF17 believed that Japanese carriers ????:Ship ??? Kasuga Maru ( ????:Ship ) might also be involved with the MO operation (?????????? 2006, ??. 196?197). According to ??????? (p. 309), the Japanese carriers' aircraft homing signals were detected by ????????? ????:' s radio intelligence unit, led by Lieutenant Forrest R. Baird. Baird later stated that he pinpointed the location of Takagi's carriers, but ?????? disbelieved the intelligence after learning that Lexington ????:' s unit, led by Lieutenant Comm???er Ransom Fullinwider, had not detected the homing signals (???????).
  56. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 207?208; ??, ??. 132; ?????????? (2006), ??. 169; ???ison, ??. 519.
  57. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 207?208; ????, ??. 65; ?????????? (2006), ??. 175. Lieutenant Hideo Minematsu, comm???er of the Deboyne seaplane base, studied all the day's sighting reports ??? worked out the true positions of Crace's ??? ??????'s ships ??? notified his headquarters at 14:49. Inoue's staff appears to have ignored Minematsu's report (??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 208).
  58. ^ Salecker, ??. 180?181; ???, ??. 49?50; ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 208?209; ????, ??. 66?69; Tagaya, ??. 40?41; ?????, ??. 63?66; Pelvin; ?????????? (2006), ??. 159 ??? 171?174; ??????, ??. 38?39. The Type 1s, armed with Type 91 torpedo s, were from the IJN's 4th Air Group (4th Kokutai) ??? had launched from Vunakanau airfield, Rabaul, at 09:15 escorted by 11 Zeros from the Tainan Air Group based at Lae, New Guinea (?????????? 2006, ??. 171). Perhaps low on fuel, the Zeros turned back to Lae shortly before the bombers attacked Crace's ships. The Type 96s, each armed with a pair of ??? ???? (??? ????) bombs, were from the IJN's Genzan Air Group ??? were originally assigned to bomb Port Moresby. All were operating as part of the 25th Air Flotilla under the comm??? of Sadayoshi Yamada at Rabaul (?????). One of the destroyed Type 1s was comm???ed by the formation leader, Lieutenant Kuniharu Kobayashi, who was killed. In addition to the four shot down at sea, one Type 1 crash-l???ed at Lae with serious damage ??? another ditched in the water at Deboyne with one dead crewman (Tagaya). Two crewmen in Chicago were killed ??? five wounded in the Japanese air attack (????, ??. 68). According to ???? (p. 69) ??? ?????? (pp. 20 ??? 39), MacArthur's air comm???er, Lieutenant General George Brett , later flatly denied any of his B-17s could have attacked Crace ??? prohibited further discussion of the incident. ????? ??? ??? incorrectly state the bombers were B-26 s from the 19th Bomb Group based at ???????????, Australia. The three B-17s were led by Captain John A. Roberts (?????????? 2006, ??. 172). ???ison (p. 520) states MacArthur's fliers were not informed until after the battle was over that Allied warships were operating in the Coral Sea area. Salecker states that the B-17s attacked because they misidentified the Japanese bombers as American B-25 or B-26 bombers. One of the three B-17s ran out of fuel on its return to base ??? was destroyed in the resulting crash, but the crew bailed-out ??? survived (Salecker, ??. 181).
  59. ^ ???, ??. 50?51; ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 208?209; ????, ??. 66?69; Tagaya, ??. 40?41; ?????, ??. 63?66; Pelvin; ?????????? (2006), ??. 159 ??? 171?174; ??????, ??. 38?39. Crace later said of his situation at sunset on May 7, "I had received no information from [??????] regarding his position, his intentions or what had been achieved during the day" (?????????? 2006, ??. 174; ???, ??. 50).
  60. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 209; ????, ??. 61?62; ?????, ??. 74; ?????????? (2006), ??. 175. The aircraft which made this report was probably an ????:Ship floatplane staging through Deboyne. The report was incorrect; neither Crace nor ?????? was heading southeast at that time (?????????? 2006, ??. 175).
  61. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 209; ????, ??. 61?62; ?????, ??. 74?75; ?????????? (2006), ??. 175?176. Two of the dive bombers returning from hitting ?????? crashed while attempting to l???, but the crews apparently survived. Lieutenant Tamotsu Ema, comm???er of ??????? ????:' s dive bomber squadron, was one of the pilots selected for the evening strike mission.
  62. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 209?212; ????, ??. 62?63; ???????, ??. 99?100; Woolridge, ??. 38?39; ?????, ??. 75; ?????????? (2006), ??. 176?177. Five of the downed torpedo bombers were from ??????? ??? the other two were from Sh?kaku , as was the damaged torpedo plane. The dive bomber was from ??????? . The dead Japanese aircrews included the comm???ing officer of ??????? ????:' s torpedo bomber squadron, Lieutenant Tsubota Yoshiaki, ??? his deputy, Lieutenant Murakami Yoshito. The pilot of the damaged torpedo bomber was killed, so the middle-seat observer took over the controls ??? ditched near Sh?kaku ; both he ??? the rear gunner were killed. Two of the Wildcat pilots, Ensign John Drayton Baker from VF2 squadron on Lexington ??? Leslie L. Knox from VF42 on ????????? , were killed in action. Another CAP Wildcat, piloted by John Baker from ?????????'s VF-42 squadron, was apparently unable to locate TF17 in the deepening gloom after the action ??? vanished without a trace (?????????? ??? ???????). William Wolfe Wileman was one of the Wildcat pilots who survived the action.
  63. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 214?218; ????, ??. 63?64; ???????, ??. 100?101; Woolridge, ??. 39; Hoehling, ??. 45?47; ?????, ??. 75?76; ?????????? (2006), ??. 176?180. ??????? says that some of the Japanese carrier aircraft did not l??? until after 23:00. Hoehling ??? Woolridge report that up to eight Japanese aircraft may have lined up to l??? on the U.S. carriers after sunset, but ?????????? ??? ??????? explain that the number of aircraft was probably fewer than that. ????? states that 11 more of the Japanese aircraft were lost while l???ing on their carriers, but ?????????? disagrees. In addition to his carriers' lights, Takagi's cruisers ??? destroyers illuminated the two carriers with their searchlights (?????????? 2006, ??. 178).
  64. ^ ?????????? (2006), ??. 173?174. Tippecanoe had been sent to Efate to give her remaining fuel to the ships of a supply convoy. One other oiler, E. J. ?????? , was at Suva ??? therefore several days away from the Noumea area (?????????? 2006, ??. 173).
  65. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 219?220; ????, ??. 64 ??? 77; ???????, ??. 101; Hoehling, ??. 47; ?????, ??. 78?79; ??, ??. 132; ?????????? (2006), ??. 171 ??? 180?182.
  66. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 219?220; ???????, ??. 101; ?????????? (2006), ??. 180?182. ?????? contemplated launching a carrier nocturnal attack or sending his cruisers ??? destroyers after Takagi's ships during the night, but decided it would be better to preserve his forces for battle the next day (ONI, ??. 19; ???????, ??. 101 ??? ?????????? 2006, ??. 179?180). During the night, three Japanese Type 97 aircraft armed with torpedoes hunted Crace but failed to locate him (?????????? 2006, ??. 182).
  67. ^ Chihaya, ??. 128.
  68. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 219?221; ?????, ??. 72 ??? 80; ??, ??. 132; ?????????? (2006), ??. 181 ??? 186; ??????, ??. 46. The carrier search aircraft included four from Sh?kaku ??? three from ??????? . The floatplanes at Deboyne patrolled the area directly south of the ?????????. Furutaka ??? Kinugasa joined the striking force at 07:50. After the previous day's losses, the striking force at this time consisted of 96 operational aircraft: 38 fighters, 33 dive bombers, ??? 25 torpedo bombers (?????????? 2006, ??. 186).
  69. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 221?222; ????, ??. 75; ???????, ??. 103; Woolridge, ??. 48; ?????, ??. 82?83 ??? 87; ??, ??. 132; ?????????? (2006), ??. 181?184. Twelve SBDs were assigned to the northern search area where the Japanese carriers were expected to be. The six SBDs assigned to the southern sector were to fly out only ??? nautical mile (??? ????) ??? then assume close-in anti-submarine patrol duty upon their return to TF17. At this time operational aircraft strength for TF17 was 117, including 31 fighters, 65 dive bombers, ??? 21 torpedo planes (?????????? 2006, ??. 183) Eight SBDs were assigned as close-in anti-submarine patrol, ??? 16 fighters, eight from each ship, to the CAP (?????????? 2006, ??. 183). Around 01:10, ?????? detached the destroyer ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. to try to find out what had happened to ?????? . Monaghan searched throughout the day, but, basing her search on the erroneous coordinates in the tanker's last message, was unable to locate her ??? returned to TF17 that evening. While separated from TF17, Monaghan sent several messages to Nimitz ??? MacArthur, to allow TF17 to maintain radio silence (???????, ??. 103; ????, ??. 127; ?????????? 2006, ??. 181). Fitch was not actually notified by ?????? he was in tactical control of the carriers until 09:08 (?????????? 2006, ??. 186). According to ?????? (p. 29), ?????? was informed early on 8 May his Fleet Radio Unit (an onboard intelligence team) had located Japanese carriers northeast of his position.
  70. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 222?225; ????, ??. 76?77; ???????, ??. 103; Woolridge, ??. 40?41; Hoehling, ??. 52?53; ?????, ??. 81?85; ??, ??. 132?133; ?????????? (2006), ??. 185?187; ??????, ??. 48?49. Kanno, a warrant officer, was the middle-seat observer on a plane piloted by Petty Officer First Class Tsuguo Got?. The radioman was Petty Officer Second Class Seijir? Kishida (Werneth, ??. 67). Radio interception analysts in TF17 copied Kanno's messages ??? alerted ?????? his carrier's location was known to the Japanese. Smith's report mistakenly placed the Japanese carriers ?? nmi (?? ???; ?? ????) south of their actual position. An SBD piloted by Robert E. Dixon took over for Smith ??? stayed on station near the Japanese carriers to help guide in the U.S. strike until 10:45 (??????).
  71. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 224?227 ??? 243?246; ????, ??. 79 ??? 89; ???????, ??. 104; ?????, ??. 85; ??, ??. 132?133; ?????????? (2006), ??. 186?187; ??????, ??. 49. An odd number of fighters took part in Lexington ????:' s attack because one of VF-2's Wildcats, piloted by Doc Sellstrom, was damaged during launch preparations ??? was forced to stay behind. TF17 recovered its returning scout aircraft between 09:20 ??? 10:50, ??? launched 10 SBDs for anti-submarine patrol at 10:12. The Japanese strike force included nine fighters, 19 dive bombers, ??? 10 torpedo planes from Sh?kaku ??? nine fighters, 14 dive bombers, ??? 8 torpedo planes from ??????? . The fighters were Type 0s, the dive bombers were Type 99 kanbaku , ??? the torpedo planes were Type 97 kank? . Takahashi was in one of Sh?kaku's kanbaku . By heading south, Takagi unwittingly moved his carriers into the range of the American TBD torpedo planes, which otherwise would have been forced to turn back without participating in the attack (Lunstrom 2006, ??. 187). Shortly after 10:00, two ????????? CAP Wildcats shot down a Japanese Type 97 scout aircraft (?????????? 2006, ??. 187).
  72. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 228?231; ????, ??. 79?84; ???????, ??. 104?106; Hoehling, ??. 62; ?????, ??. 87?88 ??? 91; ??, ??. 133; ?????????? (2006), ??. 192?195; ???????, ??. 105; Hata, ??. 42?43. The second hit was scored by SBD pilot John James Powers , who was shot down by a CAP Zero ??? killed during his dive. Tetsuz? Iwamoto was one of the CAP pilots airborne at the time. ??????? states that Iwamoto flew from Sh?kaku but Hata (p. 241) states he was with ??????? . Another VS-5 squadron SBD, crewed by Davis Chafee ??? John A. Kasselman, was shot down by a CAP Zero during the attack. During ?????????'s attack, a CAP Zero flown by Takeo Miyazawa was shot down by a Wildcat piloted by William S. Woolen, ??? a CAP Zero flown by Hisashi Ichinose was shot down by a Wildcat piloted by Elbert Scott McCuskey. ?????????? states that both Zeros were from ??????? . Hata, however, states that Miyazawa was a member of Sh?kaku ????:' s fighter group ??? that he died after shooting down a U.S. torpedo plane ??? then deliberately crashing his Zero into another (Hata, ??. 42). Also flying in the Japanese CAP were future ace s Yoshinao Kodaira ??? Kenji Okabe (Hata, ??. 286 ??? 329). Aces Yoshimi Minami ??? Sadamu Komachi were members of Sh?kaku ????:' s fighter group at this time (Hata, ??. 265 ??? 281) but Hata does not say if they were with the CAP or the strike escort.
  73. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 236?243; ????, ??. 84?85; ???????, ??. 106; Hoehling, ??. 63?65; ?????, ??. 88?92; ??, ??. 133; ?????????? (2006), ??. 195 ??? 559; ???????, ??. 106. One of Lexington ????:' s bomber pilots was Harry Brinkley Bass . The three Wildcat pilots killed, from VF-2 squadron, were John B. "Bull" Bain, Dale W. Peterson, ??? Richard M. Rowell (??????????). The Japanese CAP claimed to have shot down 24 U.S. aircraft (Hata, ??. 48).
  74. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 242?243; ????, ??. 86; ???????, ??. 106; ?????, ??. 91?92; ???????, ??. 63; ??, ??. 133; ?????????? (2006), ??. 195; Tully, "IJN ??????" (Tully reports only 40 wounded). Sh?kaku ????:' s total losses were 108 killed ??? 114 wounded. The Japanese CAP fighter pilots claimed to have shot down 39 U.S. aircraft during the attack, at a cost of two Zeros destroyed ??? two damaged. Actual U.S. losses in the attack were two SBDs (from ????????? ) ??? three Wildcats (from Lexington ). More U.S. aircraft were lost during the subsequent return to their carriers. The destroyers which accompanied Sh?kaku ????:' s retirement were ????:Ship ??? ????:Ship (Tully).
  75. ^ Macintyre, Donald, Captain, RN. "Shipborne Radar", in United States Naval Institute Proceedings , September 1967, ??.73; ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 245?246; ????, ??. 92; ???????, ??. 107?108; ?????, ??. 93?94; ?????????? (2006), ??. 188?189. Five of the Wildcats were from Lexington ??? four were from ????????? . The Wildcats were at altitudes between ?,??? ??? (??? ??) ??? ?,??? ??? (?,??? ??) when the Japanese aircraft, stacked between ??,??? ??? (?,??? ??) ??? ??,??? ??? (?,??? ??), flew by. Kanno paused during his return to Sh?kaku to lead the Japanese strike formation to within ?? nmi (?? ???; ?? ????) of the American carriers even though he was low on fuel.
  76. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 246?251; ????, ??. 93; ???????, ??. 108; ?????????? (2006), ??. 189. The crews of the four SBDs, totalling eight airmen, were all killed (The crewmen's names are given in ???????, ??. 108. One was Samuel Underhill ). The four torpedo planes sent after ????????? were from ??????? . Two of the Zero escorts from Sh?kaku were piloted by aces Ichir? Yamamoto ??? Masao Sasakibara (Hata, ??. 314, 317).
  77. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 251?254; ????, ??. 93?98 ??? 113?117; ???????, ??. 109; Woolridge, ??. 42; Hoehling, ??. 67?81 ??? 97?98; ?????, ??. 94?96; ??, ??. 133?134; ?????????? (2006), ??. 188?190. Screening ????????? were cruisers ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. , ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. , ??? ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. ??? destroyers ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. , ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. , ??? ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. . Protecting Lexington were the cruisers ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. ??? ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. ??? the destroyers ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. , ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. , ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. , ??? ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. . Some participants thought Lexington might have been hit by as many as five torpedoes (Woolridge, ??. 42 ??? ?????????? 2006, ??. 191). Two torpedo planes switched targets from Lexington to Minneapolis but missed (?????????? 2006, ??. 191).
  78. ^ ONI, ??. 55?56; ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 254?259; ????, ??. 98?103 ??? 117?122; ???????, ??. 110?114: Hoehling, ??. 81?95 ??? 110?116; ?????, ??. 97?98; ??, ??. 134; ??????????, ??. 189?191; ???????, ??. 107. The four Lexington Wildcats were from VF-2 Squadron's 3rd Division under Lieutenant Fred Borries, Jr. The two ????????? Wildcats were piloted by Vincent F. McCormack ??? Walter A. Haas from VF-42's 3rd Division. The last two Sh?kaku dive bombers switched to attack ????????? at the last minute ??? were the two shot down in the attack (?????????? 2006, ??. 191). ???? states that the bomb hit on ????????? seriously wounded 26 men, several of whom (???? does not specify the exact number) died later from their injuries. One of those killed by the bomb hit on ????????? was Milton Ernest Ricketts . Three of ????????? ????:' s boilers were shut down due to a flareback, but were back on line within 30 minutes (???????, ??. 113). One bomb that hit Lexington wiped out a battery of United States Marine Corps anti-aircraft machine guns, killing six men (Hoehling, ??. 82). Another did heavy damage to a 5-inch gun battery ??? wiped out its entire crew (Hoehling, ??. 90?92, see image at right, ?????????? 2006, ??. 191).
  79. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 259?271; ???????, ??. 106 ??? 114?115; Hoehling, ??. 100?101, ??, ??. 134; ?????????? (2006), ??. 192. William E. Hall was one of the SBD pilots who aggressively pursued the Japanese aircraft after they completed their attacks. A damaged SBD piloted by Roy O. Hale attempted to l??? on Lexington but was shot down by friendly anti-aircraft fire from the carrier ??? its escorts, killing Hale ??? his rear gunner (?????????? ??? Hoehling). Another damaged SBD bounced off Lexington ????:' s flight deck into the ocean, but its pilot, Frank R. McDonald, ??? rear gunner were rescued (?????????? ??? Hoehling). An SBD from VS-2 ??? two from VB-2 ( Lexington ) shot down the three Japanese torpedo planes, two from Sh?kaku . The Japanese dive bomber was shot down by Walt Haas from ????????? ????:' s VF-42. Two Wildcats from VF-2 ( Lexington ) piloted by Clark Franklin Rinehart ??? Newton H. Mason disappeared ??? their fates are unknown. A VF-42 ( ????????? ) Wildcat piloted by Richard G. Crommelin was shot down by a Zero but Crommelin, unharmed, was rescued by the destroyer Phelps . A damaged Zero piloted by Shigeru Okura from ??????? ditched at Deboyne ??? Okura survived. A total of three Wildcats (two from VF-2 ??? one from VF-42) ??? six SBDs were lost defending TF17 from the Japanese strike. Kanno was killed by VF-42 pilots Bill Woolen ??? John ??. Adams. Takahashi was killed by VF-42's Bill Leonard (??????????). Lexington SBD pilot Joshua G. Cantor-Stone was also killed that day.
  80. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. ???????; ???????, ??. ???????; ????, ??. ???????; ?????????? (????), ??. ???????. ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????-? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??. ????????? ??????? ????. ???????? ???????.???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????. ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???????? ??.??.??. ????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????. William B. Ault, SBD pilot ??? comm???er of Lexington ????:' s air group, ??? another Lexington SBD piloted by John D. Wingfield from VS-2, were unable to find TF17 ??? disappeared. Ault's last transmission was, "From CLAG. OK, so long people. We got a 1000 pound hit on the flat top." (??????????, ??. 277). Another SBD piloted by Harry Wood ditched on Rossel Isl??? ??? he ??? his rear gunner were later rescued. One Sh?kaku Zero, piloted by Yukuo Hanzawa, successfully crash l???ed on Sh?kaku (Hata, ??. 42?43). Nineteen Lexington aircraft were recovered by ????????? (?????, ??. 100). ??????? (p. 417) states that many of the jettisoned Japanese aircraft were not necessarily unserviceable, but had to be jettisoned to make way for less damaged aircraft because of a lack of sufficient deck-h???ling speed ??? skill by ??????? ????:' s crew.
  81. ^ ONI, ??. 39; ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 274?277; ???????, ??. 116; ????, ??. 133; ?????????? (2006), ??. 193?196; ????????, ??. 162. ?????? had initially proposed sending the damaged Lexington to port for repairs ??? transferring that ship's aircraft to ????????? to continue the battle, but Fitch's 14:22 message changed his mind. Separate U.S. aircraft, both carrier ??? l???-based, had apparently sighted ??????? twice but were unaware that this was the same carrier (????, ??. 133).
  82. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 278; ????, ??. 132?133; ?????, ??. 106; ??, ??. 134; ?????????? (2006), ??. 195?196; ???????, ??. 108.
  83. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 273?282; ???????, ??. 117; Hoehling, ??. 121?197; ????, ??. 134?150 ??? 153?168; ?????, ??. 99?103; ??, ??. 134; ?????????? (2006), ??. 193 ??? 196?199; ?????? ??. 57?60; Crave, ??. 449?450; ???ison, ??. 519. As the fires raged on Lexington , several of her aircrews requested to fly their aircraft to ????????? , but Sherman refused (?????????? 2006, ??. 560). The names of those killed from Lexington ????:' s crew, including from the air squadrons, are recorded in Hoehling, ??. 201?205. One of those killed was Howard R. Healy . ????, ?????, ??? ?????? give the coordinates of the sinking as 15°12′S 155°27′E  /  15.200°S 155.450°E  / -15.200; 155.450 . Assisting Lexington during her travails were Minneapolis , New Orleans , Phelps , Morris , Hammann , ??? ?????? . Portl??? , Morris , ??? Phelps were the last to leave Lexington's final location (?????????? 2006, ??. 197, 204). ???ison (p. 519) states that eight B-26 bombers from ??????????? sortied to attack Inoue's forces but were unable to locate the Japanese ships.
  84. ^ ???, ??. 52?53; Pelvin; ?????????? (2006), ??. 198.
  85. ^ ???, ??. 53; ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 283?284; ?????, ??. 105; ???????, ??. 117?118; ????, ??. 170?173; Pelvin. On 9 May, ????????? counted 35 operational aircraft: 15 fighters, 16 dive bombers, ??? seven torpedo planes (?????????? 2006, ??. 200 ??? 204). ?????? stationed Russell ??? Aylwin ?? nmi (?? ???; ?? ????) astern as radar pickets to warn of any Japanese pursuit (?????????? 2006, ??. 204). On 9 May, a ????????? SBD on scout patrol sighted what it thought was a Japanese carrier ??? nmi (??? ???; ??? ????) from TF17. ????????? dispatched a strike force of four SBDs, which could not locate the target. It was later determined the scout had probably sighted the Lihou Reef ??? Cays (?????????? 2006, ??. 205?206). Fourteen U.S. Army B-17s from ??????????? also responded to the erroneous report. During the false alarm, an SBD crashed in the ocean; the crew was rescued. On 11 May, ?????? dispatched cruisers Minneapolis , New Orleans , ??? Astoria with three destroyers under Kinkaid to rendezvous with Halsey's TF16 near Efate after a brief stop at Noumea (?????????? 2006, ??. 205). ???ison (p. 527) reports that Japanese float fighters from Deboyne attacked ??? seriously damaged an RAAF reconnaissance PBY, from 11th Squadron , commanded by Flying Officer Miller, on ? ??.
  86. ^ ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 284?290; ?????, ??. 106?107; ???????, ??. 118; ????, ??. 171; ??, ??. 134; ?????????? (2006), ??. 200 ??? 206?207; Chihaya, ??. 124?125. The invasion convoy returned to Rabaul on 10 May. Takagi had intended to complete the delivery of the Tainan Zeros to Rabaul ??? then provide air support for the RY operation before Yamamoto ordered the ship back to Japan. After further repairs to battle-damaged aircraft, on May 9 ??????? counted 24 fighters, 13 dive bombers, ??? eight torpedo planes operational. Takagi's scout aircraft sighted the drifting ?????? on 10 May, but Takagi decided the tanker was not worth another strike (?????????? 2006, ??. 207). Takagi completed delivery of the Zeros to Rabaul after turning back on 10 May. Matome Ugaki , Yamamoto's chief of staff, stated that he initiated ??? sent the order in Yamamoto's name to Takagi to pursue the Allied ships (Chihaya, ??. 124). Four U.S. Army B-25 bombers attacked Japanese floatplanes moored at Deboyne on May 10, but apparently caused no damage. The bombers did not see Kamikawa Maru present (???ison, ??. 527).
  87. ^ ONI, ??. 52; ?????, ??. 108; ??????, ??. 35?37. The PBY was from Tangier ????:' s air group. The U.S. destroyer ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. recovered four more ?????? crewmen from a drifting raft (?????? coords: 15°25′S 154°56′E  /  15.417°S 154.933°E  / -15.417; 154.933 ; ONI coords: 15°16′S 155°07′E  /  15.267°S 155.117°E  / -15.267; 155.117 ) on 14 May, the sole survivors of the group which had ab???oned ship in panic on 7 May (ONI, ??. 53; ?????, ??. 108 ??? ??????, ??. 36). ???? incorrectly says that it was U.S. destroyer Phelps who recovered the final four survivors (????, ??. 192?193). Two more ?????? crewmembers died on May 13 aboard Henley from their injuries (????) ??? one of the four rescued from the ocean by Helm died soon after rescue (??????, ??. 36).
  88. ^ Brown, ??. 63, ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 285?296 ??? 313?315; ?????, ??. 107; ???????, ??. 120; ?????????? (2006), ??. 208?211 ??? 216; Chihaya, ??. 126?127; ??????, ??. 61?62. The RY invasion force included one light cruiser, one minelayer, two destroyers, ??? two transports (??????????). Takagi's cruisers ??? destroyers provided distant cover to the north. Ocean ??? Nauru were later occupied by the Japanese without opposition on 25-26 August ??? held until the end of the war (????? ??? ??????). ????????? refueled from an Australian armed merchant cruiser ????:HMAS at Tongatabu on 16 May, ??? then ? along with her escorts ? from the oiler ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. on 18 May (?????????? 2006, ??. 207 ??? 216). The initial U.S. intelligence on Yamamoto's upcoming operation indicated an attack on Oahu, but around 17 May Midway emerged as the probable target (?????????? 2006, ??. 208 ??? 212).
  89. ^ Tully, "IJN ??????"; Hackett, "HIJMS Submarine I-28"; ???????, ??. 10; ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ??. 298?299; Blair, ??. 230?233; Tully, "Sh?kaku" ??? "???????"; Pelvin; ???ison, ??. 531. Sh?kaku almost capsized because she had to steam at high speed during the trip to Japan to avoid attacks from the American submarines. The high speed caused her to take on water through her damaged bow. Four submarines? ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. , ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. , Tautog , ??? ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. ? were stationed off Truk, ??? four more ? ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. , ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. , ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. , ??? ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. ? between Truk ??? Japan. Triton sighted a carrier, believed to be Sh?kaku , at ?,??? ????? (?,??? ??) but was unable to close ??? attack (?????, ??. 74; Blair, ??. 230?233). Tully states Sh?kaku was joined by destroyers ????:Ship , ????:Ship , ??? ????:Ship on 12 May in the Philippine Sea ??? Ushio ??? Yugure were released to escort ??????? from Truk.
  90. ^ ??????? (????), ??.??-??
  91. ^ ??????? (????), ??.??-??; ?????, ??. ???, ???-???; ??, ?????; ?????????? (????), ??. ???; ???????, ??. ???; ???, ??. ??; ??????, ??. ??-??.
  92. ^ ??????? (????), ??. ???-???, ???; ?????, ??. ???-???, ???; ???????, ??. ???-???; ??, ??. ???; ?????, ??. ??-??; ????, ??. ???-???.
  93. ^ ???, ??. ??-??; ?????, ??. ???-???, ???; ??, ??. ???; ?????, ??. ??-??; ??????, ??. ???. ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???????? ???????? ? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????. ?? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???. (??????, ??.???).
  94. ^ ???????, ??. ???; ??????, ??. ???-???. ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????.
  95. ^ ???????, ??. ???; ?????, ??. ?-?, ??-??. ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??.??.??. ???? ?? ??? ?????.
  96. ^ Millot, pp. 109?111; Dull, pp. 134?135; Lundstrom (2006), p. 203; D'Albas, p. 109; Stille, p. 72; Morison, p. 63. The Japanese thought they had sunk Lexington ????:' s sister ship, ???? ??????:"ship_prefix_templates" ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. .
  97. ^ Edwin P. Hoyt, Japan's War , p 283-4 ISBN 0-07-030612-5
  98. ^ Wilmott (1983), pp. 286?287 & 515; Millot, pp. 109?111 & 160; Lundstrom (2006), p. 203; D'Albas, p. 109; Stille, p. 72; Morison, p. 63.
  99. ^ William L. O'Neill, A Democracy At War: America's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 119 ISBN 0-02-923678-9
  100. ^ William L. O'Neill, A Democracy At War: America's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 125 ISBN 0-02-923678-9
  101. ^ Lundstrom (2006), p. 203; D'Albas, p. 109; Stille, p. 72; Morison, p. 64.
  102. ^ Willmott (1983), p. 118.
  103. ^ Parshall, pp. 63?67, Millot, p. 118; Dull, p. 135; Lundstrom (2006), p. 203, Ito, pp. 48?49.
  104. ^ Parshall, pp. 63?67.
  105. ^ Willmott (1982), pp. 459?460; Parshall, pp. 58?59.
  106. ^ Gill, pp. 55?56; Frame, p. 57.
  107. ^ USACMH (Vol II), pp. 138?139; Frame, p. 56; Bullard, pp. 87 & 94; McDonald, p. 77; Willmott (2002), pp. 98?99, 104?105, 113?114, 117?119.
  108. ^ Frank, p. 17 & 194?213; Willmott (2002), pp. 90?96.
  109. ^ Frank, p. 51.
  110. ^ Frank, p. 61?62 & 79?81.
  111. ^ Frank, p. 428?92; Dull, p. 245?69; Willmott (2002), pp. xiii?xvii, 158 & 167; Parshall, p. xx.
" https://mr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=????_?????????_????&oldid=2344005 " ????? ??????