한국   대만   중국   일본 
?.??.??. ?????? ???? - ?????????? Jump to content

?.??.??. ?????? ????

??????????, ?????? ????????????
( ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????????????)
?.??.??. ?????? ????
???? ???? ?????
???? ?????? ??????????
??????????
?? ???? ???? ? ?? ???? ????
Prime Minister ????????? ???????
?????? ????
Vice President ???? ????
???????? ??????
????? ??.??. ???????
????? ??????? ?????
??? ????? ????????? ???????? , ???? ?????
??????????
???? ? ????
President ??.??. ???????
Prime Minister ????????? ???????
????? ??????????
????? ???????? ???????
???????? ??????
???? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????
?? ??????? ???? ( 1931-10-15 )
????????? , ?????? , ??????? ????
(???? ???????? , ????)
?????? ?? ???? , ???? (?? ??)
?????? , ?????? , ????
????????????????? ?? ?.??.??. ?????? ???? ????? ????????, ??? ??????, ?????????, ?????????
???????????? ??????
??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????
????????????
Profession
  • ???????? ???????
  • ???????? ??????????
  • ????
????? ????
Notable work(s)
Signature
Website Official Website

???? ????? ??????????? ??? ?.??.?? ?????? ???? (?? ??????? ???? - ?? ???? ????) ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????. ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????. ???? ?? ????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????, ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ????. ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????, ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? (DRDO) ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (ISRO) ???? ??? ????.

????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????. ??? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. ????????? ????????? ?????-II ???????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????, ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????.

???????? ????? ???????????
??? ??????, ????

???? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????. ??????? " ?????? ??????????" ( ?????? ?????????? ) ?????? ????????? ??????? ????. [?] ????????????????? ???? ?? ??????, ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ????.

?????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????. [?] ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????, ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???. [?]

?????????? ???? ??? ?????? [ ?????? ]

???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? 15 ??????? 1931 ???? ???? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? (?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????) ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????. ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????, ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????. ???? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????.

????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????. ?????: ????????? ????????????

??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ????, ???? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????, ????? 1920 ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????. ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????. ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????. 1914 ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????????, ?????, ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????????????, ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????.

????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????. ????????? ???? ??????? ?????, ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????. ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????. ????? ??????? 1954 ????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ????. ?????? ???????????? ?? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? 1955 ????? ???????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????, ??????? ???? ??????? ????????, "?? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????". ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????, ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????.

???? ????? ??. ????
????????? ????? ??. ????? ?????? ???? ?????????

?????????? ?????? ???????? [ ?????? ]

1960 ????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? (DRDS) ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? (????? ??????????? ??????, ???? ???????????) ????????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????. ??????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????, ????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? INCOSPAR ??????? ????? ??? ????.

????? ????????????

1969 ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (ISRO) ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? (SLV-III) ?? ??????? ?????? ????, ?????? ???? 1980 ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????; ???? ????? ?????????? 1965 ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????. 1969 ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ????.

1963 ?? 1964 ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??????????, ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????; ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????. 1970 ??? 1990 ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? (PSLV) ??? SLV-III ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????, ?? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???, ???????? ???? ????.

?????? ???????? ?????? ??. ????? ???????????

1970 ???? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ????????????? ????????? ????, ????? ?????? SLV ????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????. ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???? ???? ????. ???? ????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????? 1980 ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????.

???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??. ????.??. ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??. ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????. ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? (IGMDP) ???????? ???????? ? 3.88 ???? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? , ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? , ????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ?? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????????? ???? ???? ???.

?????????? ??. ?.??.??. ?????? ???? 6 ???? 2005 ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????-??????? ??????? ??????? ????? (VRC) ???????????? ?????????????? ???? ????.

???? ????? ???? 1992 ?? ??????? 1999 ?? ???????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ?????-II ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????. ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????. ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??. ?????? ??????? ??, ??????????????? ????? ?? "????" ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????????? ???? ????. ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????.

1998 ?????, ????????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ????? "????-???? ??????" ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????. 2012 ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ?????? "????-???? ???????" ??? ??? ??????? ???.

?????????? ?????? ???????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ???? ????? ??.??. ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????. ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? 107,366 ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? 922,884 ?????? ??????. ??????? ???????? 25 ???? 2002 ?? 25 ???? 2007 ??? ????.

10 ??? 2002 ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? (?????) ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????. ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????. ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ? ????????????? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????:

?? ????? ??????? ???? ???. ??????? ??? ??? ????????????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???. ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????.

???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????

18 ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????. ????????????????? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ????. ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ????; 18 ???? ???? ????? ????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? 25 ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????. ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????. ?? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????, ???? ????????? ?????????? (1954) ??? ????? ????? (1963) ?? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????. ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????.

????????? ????????????????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? "?????? ??????????" (???????: People's President) ?????? ????? ??? ???. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? 21 ???? 20 ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????. ?????? ??????????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ????????? ????????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????, ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???. ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ????, ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? 2004 ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????. 20 ??????? 2006 ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ??????. ???? ????? 2005 ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????.

???????? 2003 ?????, PGI ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????.

????????? ????????????? ?????, 20 ??? 2007 ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????. ?????, ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? , ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????.

24 ???? 2012 ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????. ??????????, ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ???????? , ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ????. ???????????? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. 18 ??? 2012 ???? ???? ????? 2012 ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????. ??? ? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ???????:

???? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???. ????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????. ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???. ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????. ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????.

?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? [ ?????? ]

????????????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ??????, ?????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????; ?????? ???????????? ?? ??????, ???????? ???? ????; ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????; ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????; ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????. ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????.

2011 ?????, ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????; ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???. ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????.

?? 2012 ?????, ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ????, ?????? ????? ??? ????????????? ??? ???? ????.

???? [ ?????? ]

???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????
???? ???????? ???? ????? [?] [?]
???? ?????????? ???? ????? [?] [?]
???? ????????? ???? ????? [?] [?]
???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? [?]
???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????
???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? [?]
???? ???? ??????? (?????) ??? ??????? ???? ??????? [?] [?]
???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????????????? ????????? , U.K [?]
???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ( Honoris Causa ) ???????? ?????????? ????????????? , ???????? [??]
???? ???? ??? ASME Foundation(??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????) [??]
???? ????????????? von Karman Wings ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? , U.S.A [??]
???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????????? [??]
???? ???? ????????? IEEE (???????????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????????) ?? ???????? ????????. IEEE [??]

??. ???????? ???????? [ ?????? ]

????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????.
  • ???? : ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ????.
  • ?????? : ?????????? (Schwartz) ????????, ??????????. ???? ????? ?????, ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? (????). ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ????? (????).
  • ???? : ??.??.??.?.????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? (????????????? ??????? ?????) ???? ????. ????????????? ??.??.??.?.(??????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???????????)?? ????????.
  • ???? : ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????. ????????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? (FRP) ?? ????????? ??????.
  • ???? ?? ?? :?????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????. ???????????? (???????????) ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? (ISRO) ???? ???????? ????? ??????? (SLV) ??????????? ??????.
  • ???? ?? ?? : ????. ???? ??? ???????????? ???.
  • ???? : SLV???? ?????? ???????????? ??????
  • ???? ?? ?? : ????? ???? ????????-? ?? ????????? ?????????. (???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????????)
  • ???? : ???????? ???????? ???????
  • ???? : ??????? ?? ??????????? ????????.
  • ???? : ?????? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????.
  • ???? : ????? ?? ??????????? ????????.
  • ???? : ???? ? ??? ?? ???????????? ????????.
  • ???? : ????????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ? ??.??.??.?.?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??.??.??.(??? ???? ????) ?? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????????? (??.??.?.) ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????.
  • ???? : '??? ????? ' ?? ??????????? ????????.
  • ?? ???????. ???? : ????????? ?? ???????? ???????.
  • ???? : ??????? ???????.
  • ???? : ????????? ??????????????? ??????.

???????? ???????? ??????? [ ?????? ??? ] [ ?????? ]

  • ????? ????? (????? ?????? : ???????? ????)
  • ????????? ????????: ???????? ? ???? ????? ?????? (’????????? ???’ ?? ?????? ????? ??????, ??????? : ????????? ????????)
  • '?????? ????- ? ?????? ??? ? ???? ????????' (???????, ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???.??. ????); '???? ???? : ????? ????????? ?????????' ?? ?????? ????? ?????? : ??? ????????)
  • ?????? - ???-?????
  • ??????? (???????????????? ????? ??????, ???? ???????)
  • ??????????? ?? ????????? ???? :
  • ??? ??????? ??????????????
  • ?????? ?? ???? (??????????). ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????, ??????? : ?????? ?????? .
  • ????????? ?? ?????????? (???????)
  • ??????? ???????? (??? ?????? ????? ?????? : ????? ????? )
  • ??????? ? ?????? (?????? - ???????????)
  • ?????????????? : ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ??? ?????????????? (?????? - ???? ??????)
  • ???????? (?????? : ???? ??????; ????? ?????? ????? ????????)
  • ??????????? ????????? (??? ???????-? ?????????? ??? ????) ?????? - ????. ??????, ????? ?????? - ???? ?????? )
  • ?.??.??. ?????? ???? : ??????? ???? (???? ??????).
  • ???????? ???? : ? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? (?????? ???.??. ????, ????? ??????-???? ???????)
  • ?????????? ?????? : ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? (????????? ???????)
  • ??????????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ( ?????? ? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? : ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????? ??????? ????? ????. ??????? : ???? ????, ??????? ??????????? ) ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ???? ???????????? ???. ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???.

???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

  • ???. ?????? ???? (???. ????? ???? )
  • ??? ???? ???. ?.??.??. ?????? ???? (????? ????????)
  • ?????? ??????? : ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??.?.??.??.?????? ???? (???????, ???? : ??.??????)
  • ?.??.??. ?????? ???? - ?? ?????????? (????? ?????? : ?????? ?????? )
  • ?.??.??. ?????? ???? - ??????? ???? (??? ?????, ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ??? )
  • ’??. ?.??.??. ?????? ???? - ?? ?????????? ??????????.’ (?????, ??? ???? ???????????? ?????????; ????? ?????? - ???? ??????).
  • ? ?? ?? ?????? ???? : ? ???????? ?? ?????? (???????, ???? : ??. ???? ??? ??. ???????)
  • ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? (???????, ???? : ?? ?? ??????)
  • ?.??.??. ?????? ???? : ??????? ???? (???? ??????)
  • ???????? ??. ?.??.??. ?????? ???? (??. ??? ?????)
  • ???????? ????? (??. ????? ?????? )
  • ???????? ???? (??. ????? ?????? )
  • ????????? ?? ?????????????- ??. ?????? ????. (?????, ???? : ???.?. ?????)
  • ????????????? ???? (??. ????? ?????? )
  • ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? : ??. ?????? ???? (???. ????? ????]])
  • ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??. ?????? ????, ???? : ??. ???. ?. ?????

???????? ? ?????? [ ?????? ]

  • ???? : ????????
  • ???? : ??????????
  • ???? : ?????????
  • ???? : ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????
  • ???? : ??? ?????? ????????
  • ???? : ???????? ????????
  • ???? : ???? ??????? (?????) ???
  • ???? : ?????? ????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????
  • ???? : ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ????
  • ???? : ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???
  • ???? : ??????? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ????
  • ???? : ????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????
  • ???? : ?????? ?????????? ‘ ? ????????? ?????? ’ ?? ????????????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????. [??]
  • ???? ???????? : ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???.

???? [ ?????? ]

?.??.??. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? "?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????" ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????. ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????. ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ??????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???; ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?-???? ?????????????? ????????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???. ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ????, ????? ?? 28 ???????? ????? ???????? ?? -130 ?? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? , ???????????? , ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????. ??? ??????? ??????? ???? 10 ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???; ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? , ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????. [ ?????? ??? ]

29 ???????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????, ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? -130 ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????. ??????? ?????? ????? ???????, ??????? ?????, ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ????. ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????. ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????, ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????. ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???. [9 2] [9 3] [ ?????? ??? ]

30 ???? 2015 ???? ?????????, ??????????? ???????? ??? ???????, ???? ??? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? 350,000??? ???? ??? ??????? ????. [9 4] [9 5]

विकिक्वोट
?????????
?.??.??. ?????? ???? ?? ????/????????
????????? , ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ????.

?? ?????? ??? [ ?????? ]

?????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ^ "Why Abdul Kalam was the 'People's President ' " . www.dailyo.in . 2022-04-27 ???? ?????? .
  2. ^ "India Pays Tribute to 'People's President' APJ Abdul Kalam" . Time (??????? ?????) . 2022-04-27 ???? ?????? .
  3. ^ IBTimes (2015-07-30). " ' People's President' APJ Abdul Kalam Buried with Full State Honours in Rameswaram" . www.ibtimes.co.in (??????? ?????) . 2022-04-27 ???? ?????? .
  4. ^ a b "??. ?????? ???? ????? ?????????" . Rediff.com . 1 March 2012 ???? ?????? .
  5. ^ a b c d e "Dr. Abdul Kalam's Diverse Interests: Prizes/Awards" . Archived from the original on 2007-07-17 . 1 March 2012 ???? ?????? .
  6. ^ "List of recipients of Bharat Ratna" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-07-21 . 1 March 2012 ???? ?????? .
  7. ^ "King Charles II Medal for President". |access-date= requires |url= ( ?????? )
  8. ^ "King Charles II Medal" . 1 March 2012 ???? ?????? .
  9. ^ "Kalam conferred Honorary Doctorate of Science" . Archived from the original on 2013-11-13 . 1 March 2012 ???? ?????? .
  10. ^ "Dr Abdul Kalam, former President of India, receives NTU Honorary Degree of Doctor of Engineering" . Archived from the original on 2020-09-20 . 28 August 2011 ???? ?????? .
  11. ^ "Former President Kalam chosen for Hoover Medal" . Indiatimes . New York . 30 October 2010 ???? ?????? .
  12. ^ "Caltech GALCIT International von Karman Wings Award" . 1 March 2012 ???? ?????? .
  13. ^ "Yet another honorary doctorate for Kalam" . 6 October 2010 . 13 March 2012 ???? ?????? .
  14. ^ "IEEE Honorary Membership Recipients" (PDF) . 28 August 2011 ???? ?????? .
  15. ^ https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949
?????:
??.??. ??????? 		?????? ??????????
???? ?? , ???? ? ???? ?? , ???? 		?????:
??????? ?????
" https://mr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=?.??.??._??????_????&oldid=2411914 " ????? ??????