??? ????????

????????? ???????
	???????:Periods ;
	Paleolithic 35,000?14,000 BC ; J?mon ???????? 14,000?300 BC ; Yayoi ???????? 300 BC?250 AD ; ????? ???????? 250?538 ; ???? ???????? 538?710 ; ??? ???????? 710?794 ; ???? ???????? 794?1185 ; ?????? ???????? ; 1185?1333 ?????? ?????????????? ; 1333?1336 ; ; ???????? ???????? (Ashikaga) ; 1336?1573 Nanboku-ch? ???????? ; 1336?1392 ; ????????? ???????? ; 1467?1573 ; ; Azuchi?Momoyama ???????? ; 1568?1603 Nanban trade ; ; Edo ???????? (Tokugawa) ; 1603?1868 Bakumatsu ; ; ???? ???????? 1868?1912 ???? ?????????????? ; ; Taish? ???????? 1912?1926 Japan in World War I ; ; ???? ???????? 1926?1989 Sh?wa financial crisis ; Japanese militarism ; Occupation of Japan ; Post-occupation Japan ; ; Heisei period 1989?present Lost Decade ; ;
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???????? ??????

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_period

????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? (奈良時代, Nara jidai) AD 710 ???? 794 ???????? ???????? ??????????????. ^[1] ??????? ???????????? ???????-???????? (???????? ??? ) ???????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ??????? (740?745) ?????, ???????? ??????? ????????????, ??? ???????????? ???? 794-? ?????? ???????????? ?????-???????????? ??????????? ?????? 784-? ???? ?????????? ???????-???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????.

? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????. ???? ????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????.

??????? ????????, ???? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????. ^[2] ?????? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ????, ??????????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????, ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????.

??? ????????????? ???????? [ ????????? ]

??????? ??????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ??????????. ????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????? , ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????????????. ^[3]

????? ??????? ????????????, ????????? ?????? ??? ???????????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????????. 600-??? 759-??? ????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ??????? ???????????. ^[4] ???? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ^[5]

??????????, ?????????, ???????? ????????? [ ????????? ]

Gokishichid? system showing ancient regions and provinces during the Nara period after the introduction of the Y?r? Code (720)

Kinai T?kaid? T?sand? Hokurikud?

San’ind? San’y?d? Nankaid? Saikaid?

???? ???? ?????????????????????? ??????, ???????? ?????????????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????. ????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? AD 710-? ??????-???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????????????????????? ???????. ???????? ????????? (? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????) ????-???????????? (???????? ???????) ??????. 740-744-?, 744-745-? ?????-???? (???????? ??????), 745-? ???????????? (紫香?宮, ???????? ????????) ??????, 745-? ??????????? ????????. ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ???. ????????. ????????? 200,000 ??????? (????????? ??????????? ?????? 7% ????????????????????) ?????? ?????? 10,000 ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????

?????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????. ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????????????. ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????????. ?????????? ??????????????????????? ???????? ??????????. ??????????????, ??? ???????????? ???????, ??????? ????????????? ?????????????, ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????? ?????????????? ??????????, ????????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??? (????? ?????????????) ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? "???? ???????" (?????) ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????. ? "????????????" ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ??????????????????????, ?????? "??????????" ????????? ?????????? ?????????????.

?????? [ ????????? ]

↑ Dolan, Ronald E. and Worden, Robert L., ed. (1994) "Nara and Heian Periods, A.D. 710?1185" Japan: A Country Study . Library of Congress , Federal Research Division.
↑ Ellington, Lucien (2009). Japan . Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 28 . ISBN 978-1-59884-162-6 .
↑ Shuichi Kato; Don Sanderson (15 April 2013). A History of Japanese Literature: From the Manyoshu to Modern Times . Routledge. pp. 12?13. ISBN 978-1-136-61368-5 .
↑ Shuichi Kato; Don Sanderson (15 April 2013). A History of Japanese Literature: From the Manyoshu to Modern Times . Routledge. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-136-61368-5 .
↑ Bjarke Frellesvig (29 July 2010). A History of the Japanese Language . Cambridge University Press. pp. 14?15. ISBN 978-1-139-48880-8 .

?????? ?????????? [ ????????? ]

English [ ????????? ]

Brown, Delmer M. (1993). Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan .
Farris, William (1993). Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age . University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu.
Ooms, Herman (2009). Imperial Politics and Symbolics in Ancient Japan: The Tenmu Dynasty . pp. 650?800.
Sansom, George Bailey, G. B. (1978). Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan .
Kornicki, Peter F. (2012). "The Hyakumant? darani and the origins of printing in eighth-century Japan". International Journal of Asian Studies . 9 : 9:43?70. doi : 10.1017/S1479591411000180 .
Bender, Ross (2012). Friday, Karl (ed.). "Emperor, Aristocracy, and the Ritsury? State: Court Politics in Nara" . Japan Emerging: Premodern History to 1850 . Westview Press . Retrieved October 11, 2012 . ^{[
???????????????? ?????
]}

Other [ ????????? ]

Kojima, Noriyuki (1994). Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Zensh?: Nihon Shoki (vol. 1) . Sh?gakukan. ISBN 978-4-09-658002-8 .
This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress document: "Japan: A country study" . Federal Research Division .

??????? Asuka period	History of Japan	??????? Heian period

[1] Dolan, Ronald E. and Worden, Robert L., ed. (1994) "Nara and Heian Periods, A.D. 710?1185" Japan: A Country Study . Library of Congress , Federal Research Division.

[2] Ellington, Lucien (2009). Japan . Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 28 . ISBN 978-1-59884-162-6 .

[KatoSanderson2013One-3] Shuichi Kato; Don Sanderson (15 April 2013). A History of Japanese Literature: From the Manyoshu to Modern Times . Routledge. pp. 12?13. ISBN 978-1-136-61368-5 .

[KatoSanderson2013Two-4] Shuichi Kato; Don Sanderson (15 April 2013). A History of Japanese Literature: From the Manyoshu to Modern Times . Routledge. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-136-61368-5 .

[Frellesvig2010-5] Bjarke Frellesvig (29 July 2010). A History of the Japanese Language . Cambridge University Press. pp. 14?15. ISBN 978-1-139-48880-8 .

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