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Helmand River
Helmand River
	Map of the Helmand River drainage basin
	Map of the Helmand River drainage basin
Countries	Afghanistan and Iran
Physical characteristics
?????? ?????????	Hindu Kush mountains
???????	Lake Hamun
????	1,150 km (710 mi)
????? ???????????
????? ????????	Sistan Basin
?????????	Left: ; Arghandab River ; Right: ; Khash River ; Chagay River ;

???????? ??? ( ?????????, ?????????? ?????????, ???????? ??????????????????????; ????? / ??????? : ?????? / ????? ; ???????? : ?τ?μανδρο? ( Etymandros ); ??????? : Erymandrus ) ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? . ^[1] ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????.

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???????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? "??????????, ??? ?????????? ????" ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ??????. ^[2]

???????????? [ ????????? ]

???????? ??? 1,150 km (710 mi) . ???????? ????????? 40 ?????????? ^[3] ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ( 34°34′N 68°33′E / 34.567°N 68.550°E / 34.567; 68.550 ), ?????? ??? ???? ?????? , , ??????????? ????????? . ??? ??????-??????????? ???? ????? ?????????????, ??????? ?????????????? ??????-??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ????-?-???????? ???? ????????????? ( 31°9′N 61°33′E / 31.150°N 61.550°E / 31.150; 61.550 ). ?????? , ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????. ^[4]

???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? (?????????? 31°27′N 64°23′E / 31.450°N 64.383°E / 31.450; 64.383 ) ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????.

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???? ?????? ????????????????? ???????????? ??? ???? ????????????????? ????????????? ????????, ????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????-?????? ????? ???????????. ^[5] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]

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↑ "History of Environmental Change in the Sistan Basin 1976 - 2005" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-07 . Retrieved 2007-07-20 .
↑ Jack Finegan. Myth & Mystery: An Introduction to the Pagan Religions of the Biblical World . Baker Books, 1997. ISBN 0-8010-2160-X , 9780801021602
↑ "HELMAND RIVER i. GEOGRAPHY ? Encyclopaedia Iranica" . www.iranicaonline.org . Retrieved 2020-06-14 .
↑ "Helmand River | river, Central Asia" . Encyclopedia Britannica (in ????????) . Retrieved 2020-06-15 .
↑ http://parthia.com/doc/parthian_stations.htm
↑ Vendidad 1, at Avesta.org
↑ Beyond is Arachosia, 36 schoeni. And the Parthians call this White India; there are the city of Biyt and the city of Pharsana and the city of Chorochoad and the city of Demetrias; then Alexandropolis, the metropolis of Arachosia; it is Greek, and by it flows the river Arachotus. As far as this place the land is under the rule of the Parthians.
↑ Avesta, translated by James Darmesteter (From Sacred Books of the East , American Edition, 1898

???????? [ ????????? ]

????, ????????? ??. (1963). ?????????? ?????? . ????? ?????????? ??????, ????????????, ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????, 1966.
???????, ??????? ??. (1961). ????????? ??????????? ????? . ?????. ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? .
????????, ???????. (1985). "??????-??????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????; ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????." ???????? ???????? , 20 (1985), pp. 55-99.

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??????????? ???? ????????? ???: ????? ????????????? ????

[1] "History of Environmental Change in the Sistan Basin 1976 - 2005" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-07 . Retrieved 2007-07-20 .

[2] Jack Finegan. Myth & Mystery: An Introduction to the Pagan Religions of the Biblical World . Baker Books, 1997. ISBN 0-8010-2160-X , 9780801021602

[3] "HELMAND RIVER i. GEOGRAPHY ? Encyclopaedia Iranica" . www.iranicaonline.org . Retrieved 2020-06-14 .

[4] "Helmand River | river, Central Asia" . Encyclopedia Britannica (in ????????) . Retrieved 2020-06-15 .

[5] ttp://parthia.com/doc/parthian_stations.htm

[6] Vendidad 1, at Avesta.org

[7] Beyond is Arachosia, 36 schoeni. And the Parthians call this White India; there are the city of Biyt and the city of Pharsana and the city of Chorochoad and the city of Demetrias; then Alexandropolis, the metropolis of Arachosia; it is Greek, and by it flows the river Arachotus. As far as this place the land is under the rule of the Parthians.

[8] Avesta, translated by James Darmesteter (From Sacred Books of the East , American Edition, 1898

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