??????????????????????

???????? ??????

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology

??????????????????????. ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? (Epidemic) ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????????????. ?????? ???????????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????????????? (??. ??. 460-377) ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????????. ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? (Epi = upon; Demos = people) ?????????. ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ???? , ????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????. ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????????. ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????????????? . ^[1]

??? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? 19-? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ? ???? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????????. ????????????????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????? ? ??????? ???????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????????????????. ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????????????. ^[2]

????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? (1822-95) ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????????. ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????????? ? ???????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????????. ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????. ???? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????. ???????????????? (multiple factor theory) ???? ???????? ????????????????? ? ?????? ???????????????. ^[3]

20-? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????????. ?????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????. ?????? (cancer), ????????????? , ?????????????, ??????? , ???????????? ?????????????? ???????, ???????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????????. ????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????????????????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????-???????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????????. ^[4]

????????????? [ ????????? ]

?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ????????????????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????. ????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????????????????????. ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ????. ????????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????????????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????????.

??????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????-???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????-??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????. ^[5]

???????????? [ ????????? ]

?????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? (Descriptive Epidemiology) ????. ^[6] ???? ??????, ?????, ?????? ????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ??????????????. ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????????. ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????. ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????. ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????. ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????????????????? ??? ???????????? ?? ????????? ??????????????????????. ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????. ????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????????????. ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ?????????. ???????? ? ???? ??? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????????. ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????. ^[7]

??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????. ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????, ??????????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ??? ????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ???????? ???? ??????????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????????????. ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????????????. ^[8]

?????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????????????. ?????????????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????. ??????? , ?????? , ????????????? ??????? 35 ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????. ????????????? ???????????? 50 ????????? ????????? ????????????. ????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????????. ??? ??????? (??????? ?????? ??????) ?????????????????? ????? ?????? 50 ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????. ????????? ????????? ???? , ?????????, ???????? (Typhoid), ???????????? (infective hepatitis) ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????. ????????? ???????????????????????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????????. ???????? 1965 ?? ???? ???????????? ????? ??????????????????????. ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????. ^[9]

???????????? ?????????? [ ????????? ]

?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????????????. ?????? ????????, ????????, ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????????????? ? ??????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????????. ???????? ???? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???????????????????????? ?????? ?????????????.

??????????????? ???? [ ????????? ]

????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? - ?????????????? ??????????????. ???????????????? ?????? ???????:

???????? ?????? ???????????? (Case history study).
??? ????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???? ???? (cohort study).

???????? ????????? ???? [ ????????? ]

???????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????? ?????????????????? ???? ?????????. ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????. ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? 1848-? ??????? ????? ???? ????????????? ??? ???????????????????? ???????????. ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ????????????????????????? ? ??? ??????????????? ????????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????????. ?????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ? ????????????????? ???????. ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????????????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????????????. ^[10]

??????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????????--????????????????????????? ??????????, ? ????????? ?????????????????????????. ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????????. ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????. ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????????????????. ????????????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????????.

??????????? ?????????????????? ???? [ ????????? ]

??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????? ????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????????. ?????? ??????????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ????? ??????????????? ??????? (prospective study) ?????? ??????????. ^[11]

???????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ?????????????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????????. ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????. ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????. ??????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ???????

???????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????. ?????????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ???????????? ?????????????????. ???????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ??? ??? ??????????????????????. ^[12]

???????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????????. ?????? ?????????????????? ????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ????? ????????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????????????? ? ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????????????? ???????? ??????????????. ??????? ????????? ???????? , ??????? ????????????? ???????????????? ???????????? 1000 ????????????? ?????? ???????????????????; ??????????? ??? ?????????????????? ????????????????????. ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????????? ???????????????. ??. ??. 460-377 ??????? ????????????? ???????????????, ??.??. 100-? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????. ?. ??. 14-15 ?????????????? ??????, ?????, ???????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????????, 16-? ????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ???? ??????????????. ?????????? ???? 16-? ??????????? ????? ????????????????????????? ??????????. ?????? (1749-1823) ??? ?????????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????????. ??????????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????????????????? ? ???????????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????? ??????????????????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????????. ^[13]

???????? [ ????????? ]

?????? ???????????????? ??????-5 ????-179-182.

?????? [ ????????? ]

↑ [1] ^{[
???????????????? ?????
]} Top Websites for What Is Epidemiology
↑ [2] This site is devoted to the life and times of Dr. John Snow (1813-1858), a legendary figure in the history of public health, epidemiology and anesthesiology.
↑ http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Louis_Pasteur.php Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
↑ http://www.swintons.net/jonathan/Academic/glossary.html Archived 2010-04-09 at the Wayback Machine . A Dictionary of (Ecological) Epidemiology
↑ http://www.answers.com/topic/epidemiology Study of disease distribution in populations
↑ http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-descriptive-epidemiology.htm What is Descriptive Epidemiology?
↑ [3] Archived 2012-11-13 at the Wayback Machine . DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY: PERSON, PLACE AND TIME
↑ http://www.swintons.net/jonathan/Academic/glossary.html Archived 2010-04-09 at the Wayback Machine . A Dictionary of (Ecological) Epidemiology
↑ http://www.answers.com/topic/epidemiology Epidemiology
↑ http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html This site is devoted to the life and times of Dr. John Snow (1813-1858), a legendary figure in the history of public health, epidemiology and anesthesiology.
↑ http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/atniehs/labs/epi/index.cfm Epidemiology Branch
↑ http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/prospectus/short/siidma.html Archived 2010-02-13 at the Wayback Machine . Introduction to Infectious Disease Modelling & Its Applications
↑ Malayalam Encyclopedia Vol V Page 182 Published by State institute of encyclopedic publications Thiruvanathapuram

??????????? [ ????????? ]

[1] [1] ^{[
???????????????? ?????
]} Top Websites for What Is Epidemiology

[2] [2] This site is devoted to the life and times of Dr. John Snow (1813-1858), a legendary figure in the history of public health, epidemiology and anesthesiology.

[3] ttp://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Louis_Pasteur.php Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

[4] ttp://www.swintons.net/jonathan/Academic/glossary.html Archived 2010-04-09 at the Wayback Machine . A Dictionary of (Ecological) Epidemiology

[5] ttp://www.answers.com/topic/epidemiology Study of disease distribution in populations

[6] ttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-descriptive-epidemiology.htm What is Descriptive Epidemiology?

[7] [3] Archived 2012-11-13 at the Wayback Machine . DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY: PERSON, PLACE AND TIME

[8] ttp://www.swintons.net/jonathan/Academic/glossary.html Archived 2010-04-09 at the Wayback Machine . A Dictionary of (Ecological) Epidemiology

[9] ttp://www.answers.com/topic/epidemiology Epidemiology

[10] ttp://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html This site is devoted to the life and times of Dr. John Snow (1813-1858), a legendary figure in the history of public health, epidemiology and anesthesiology.

[11] ttp://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/atniehs/labs/epi/index.cfm Epidemiology Branch

[12] ttp://www.lshtm.ac.uk/prospectus/short/siidma.html Archived 2010-02-13 at the Wayback Machine . Introduction to Infectious Disease Modelling & Its Applications

[13] Malayalam Encyclopedia Vol V Page 182 Published by State institute of encyclopedic publications Thiruvanathapuram

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