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???? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ( ???? : ?????? ??? ??? ????? ‬ Mu??wiyah ibn ?Ab? Sufy?n ; 602 ? April 29 or May 1, 680) ^[1]^[2]. ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????????? ^[3]. ???? ????????? ???????? , ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ^[4].

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650-???? ????????? ?????????????? ????, ???????, ??? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????????????? . ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ??? ?? ??-?????? ????????? ?????? .????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????????.?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????.

656 ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????. ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??-?????? ?????? ?????????. [56] ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????????????. [57] ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? [58] ??? ????????????? ???????, ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????, ?????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????????. [57] ??? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ????????????? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????????????. [59]

???? ?????? ????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ??-??????? ?????? , ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? . [60] ????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? . [f] ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????????? , ??? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??-????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????. [60]???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????. ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????, ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????????????, ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????, ??????????? ????????????????? ??????????. ? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????????, ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????????????.

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??? ????????????????????, ?????? ??-??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????, ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ??? ??????????? ?????????? 661 ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????????????? ??????. ? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????????? '???????????? ????' ??? ??????????????, ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????.

??????? ????????? ???????/?????????? ??????, ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????, ?????????? 660 ??????????? 661 ???? ???????????? ???????????? 661 ????????. ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??- ??-????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????????? . ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????????, ????????? ??? ???????? ??????, ?????????? ????????? ???????????????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ???????????, ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? . ?????? " ????????? ????? ??????????????????? ?????? ???????????????? " ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????????

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↑ Press, Oxford University (2010). Caliph and Caliphate Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-980382-8 . Retrieved 2013-04-30 .
↑ The Umayyad Dynasty at the University 0f Calgary Archived 2013-06-20 at the Wayback Machine .
↑ Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir. The History of the Prophets and Kings (Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk ), Vol. 18 Between Civil Wars: The Caliphate of Mu'awiyah 40 A.H., 661 A.D.-60 A.H., 680 A.D. (Michael G. Morony).
↑ A Chronology Of Islamic History 570-1000 CE, By H.U. Rahman 1999, Page 48 and Page 52-53

? ????? ????????????. ??? ???????????????? ?????????? .

[1] Press, Oxford University (2010). Caliph and Caliphate Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-980382-8 . Retrieved 2013-04-30 .

[2] The Umayyad Dynasty at the University 0f Calgary Archived 2013-06-20 at the Wayback Machine .

[3] Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir. The History of the Prophets and Kings (Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk ), Vol. 18 Between Civil Wars: The Caliphate of Mu'awiyah 40 A.H., 661 A.D.-60 A.H., 680 A.D. (Michael G. Morony).

[4] A Chronology Of Islamic History 570-1000 CE, By H.U. Rahman 1999, Page 48 and Page 52-53

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