????????? ??????????

Apartheid in South Africa ;
Events and Projects
	Sharpeville massacre ; Soweto uprising · Treason Trial ; Rivonia Trial ; Church Street bombing · CODESA ; St James Church massacre ; Cape Town peace march
Organisations
	ANC · IFP · AWB · Black Sash · CCB ; Conservative Party · ECC · PP · RP ; PFP · HNP · MK · PAC · SACP · UDF ; Broederbond · National Party ; COSATU · SADF · SAP
People
	P. W. Botha · D. F. Malan ; Nelson Mandela ; Desmond Tutu · F. W. de Klerk ; Walter Sisulu · Helen Suzman ; Harry Schwarz · Andries Treurnicht ; H. F. Verwoerd · Oliver Tambo ; B. J. Vorster · Kaiser Matanzima ; Jimmy Kruger · Steve Biko ; Mahatma Gandhi · Joe Slovo ; Trevor Huddleston · Hector Pieterson ; Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
Places
	Bantustan · District Six · Robben Island ; Sophiatown · South-West Africa ; Soweto · Sun City · Vlakplaas
Other aspects
	Afrikaner nationalism ; Apartheid laws · Freedom Charter ; Sullivan Principles · Kairos Document ; Disinvestment campaign ; South African Police
	This box: view ; talk ; edit ;

His Excellency
????????? ??????????
OMG DMS
His Excellency ????????? ?????????? OMG DMS
State President of South Africa
	?????? ; 15 August 1989 ? 10 May 1994
???????	P. W. Botha
???????	Nelson Mandela ; as President of South Africa
Deputy President of South Africa
	?????? ; 10 May 1994 ? 30 June 1996 Serving with Thabo Mbeki
??????????	Nelson Mandela
???????	Alwyn Schlebusch ; as Vice State President
???????	Thabo Mbeki (solely)
????????? ????????
????	Frederik Willem de Klerk ; 18 ??????? 1936 (88 ??????) ; Johannesburg , Transvaal , South Africa
????????? ?????	National
?????????	Marike Willemse ( m. 1959; div. 1996) ; Elita Georgiadis (m. 1999) ;
Relations	Johannes de Klerk (father)
????????	Jan ; Willem ; Susan ;
????s	Cape Town , Western Cape
??? ??????	Potchefstroom University ( BA , LLB )
????	Politician
?????	Attorney
?????

?????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????????? (F. W. de Klerk) (????:18 ??????? 1936 - ????:11 ????? 2021). ????, ??? ?????? ???? ??????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????????. 1993 -?? ???? ?????????????????? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ^[1].

???????? [ ????????? ]

1936 ??????? 18?? ?????????????? ???????. ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ????????? . ?????????????????? ?????????????, ?????????????????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ????????? {?????}, ????????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????.

1958?, ????????????? ????????????????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????????, ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ????? ???????????? ??? ??????????????. ????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????, ????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????.

1978?, ????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??????????????????? / ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????, ???????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????, ???????? ???? ???????????????????, ?????-??????, ????, ?????-????????? ????????, ??????????????????? ??????????, ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????????? ?????????????. 1985? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????. 1986 ?????? 1?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????.

??????????????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????????????. 1989 ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????.

??????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????, ??????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ?????????????; ??????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????????????. ????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????????????.

?????? [ ????????? ]

↑ "Nobelprize.org" . Retrieved 07/09/2017 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |access-date= ( help )

[1] "Nobelprize.org" . Retrieved 07/09/2017 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |access-date= ( help )

[1]

? ? ?? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ????????
1901?1925	????? ????????? / ???? (1901) Ducommun / ??????? (1902) ?????? (1903) IDI (1904) ???????? (1905) ???????????? (1906) ??????? / ??????? (1907) ??????????? / ???? (1908) Beernaert / Estournelles de Constant (1909) IPB (1910) ????? / ?????? (1911) ?????? (1912) La Fontaine (1913) ?????????? (1917) ?????? (1919) ????????? (1920) ?????????? / ????? (1921) ????? (1922) ????????? / ?????? (1925)
1926?1950	???????? / Stresemann (1926) Buisson / Quidde (1927) Kellogg (1929) Soderblom (1930) ????? / Butler (1931) Angell (1933) Henderson (1934) Ossietzky (1935) Lamas (1936) Cecil (1937) Nansen Office (1938) ?????????? (1944) Hull (1945) Balch / Mott (1946) QPSW / AFSC (1947) Boyd Orr (1949) Bunche (1950)
1951?1975	Jouhaux (1951) ???????? ?????????? (1952) Marshall (1953) UNHCR (1954) Pearson (1957) Pire (1958) ???????? ???? ?????? (1959) ????????? ?????? (1960) Hammarskjold (1961) ???????? (1962) ?????????? / League of Red Cross Societies (1963) ???????? ???? ????? (1964) ???????? (1965) Cassin (1968) ???? (1969) ??????? (1970) Brandt (1971) ???????? / Le (1973) MacBride / Sato (1974) Sakharov (1975)
1976?2000	B.Williams / Corrigan (1976) ????????? (1977) ??????? / Begin (1978) ??? ????? (1979) Esquivel (1980) UNHCR (1981) Myrdal / Garcia Robles (1982) ???? ?????? (1983) ????????? ?????? (1984) IPPNW (1985) Wiesel (1986) Arias (1987) ????????????? ?????? ??? (1988) ?????? ?????????? (1989) ?????????? (1990) ???? (1991) ????? ??? (1992) ?????? / de Klerk (1993) ???????? / Peres / Rabin (1994) Pugwash Conferences / Rotblat (1995) Belo / Ramos-Horta (1996) ICBL / J.Williams (1997) Hume / Trimble (1998) MSF (1999) ???? (2000)
2001?2020	??.?? / ?????? (2001) ??????? (2002) ????? ????? (2003) ?????? (2004) ???? / ??????? (2005) ???????? ?????? / ??????? ?????? (2006) ?? ??? / ??????? (2007) ?????????? (2008) ???? (2009) ???? (2010) ??? / ?????? / ????? (2011) ???????? ?????? (2012) ??????? ?????? ????? (2013) ?????? ???????????? / ???? ???????????? (2014) ???????? ????? ?????? ????????????? (2015) ????? ??????? ???????? (2016) ??????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? (2017) ???????? ???????? / ????? ?????? (2018) ??? ??????? ??? (2019) ??????????????? (2020)
Complete roster : 1901?1925 · 1926?1950 · 1951?1975 · 1976?2000 · 2001?present

? ? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? (1994?1999)
President	Nelson Mandela
Deputy Presidents	F.W. de Klerk Thabo Mbeki
Ministers	Kader Asmal Sibusiso Bengu Pik Botha Mangosuthu Buthelezi Alec Erwin Chris Fismer Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi Jakes Gerwel Derek Hanekom Pallo Jordan Derek Keys Chris Liebenberg Penuell Maduna Mac Maharaj Trevor Manuel [ Mavuso ] Tito Mboweni Patrick McKenzie Membathisi Mdladlana Roelf Meyer Joe Modise Mohammed Valli Moosa Sankie Mtembi?Nkondo Lionel Mtshali Sydney Mufamadi Sipo Mzimela Jay Naidoo Ben Ngubane Kraai van Niekerk Alfred Nzo Dullah Omar Jeff Radebe Stella Sigcau Ben Skosana Zola Skweyiya Joe Slovo Steve Tshwete Dawid de Villiers Abe Williams Nkosazana Zuma

? ? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ??????
Monarch (1910?1961)	George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II
State President (1961?1994) (under Apartheid)	Charles Robberts Swart Eben Donges Jozua Francois Naude * Jacobus Johannes Fouche Johannes de Klerk * Nico Diederichs Marais Viljoen * B. J. Vorster Marais Viljoen P. W. Botha F. W. de Klerk
President (from 1994) (post-Apartheid)	Nelson Mandela Thabo Mbeki Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri * Kgalema Motlanthe Jacob Zuma Cyril Ramaphosa
*Acting President

? ? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????????
pre-Apartheid (1910-1948)	Smuts Fischer Theron Watt Duncan Malan Hofmeyr Stuttaford Lawrence Clarkson Lawrence
Apartheid-era (1948-1994)	Donges Naude J. de Klerk Le Roux Muller Viljoen Gerdener Mulder Schlebusch Heunis F. W. de Klerk Botha Louw Pienaar Schutte
Post-Apartheid (1994-present)	Buthelezi Mapisa-Nqakula Dlamini-Zuma Pandor Gigaba Mkhize Dlodlo Gigaba

? ? ?? Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize
1901?1925	1901 Henry Dunant / Frederic Passy 1902 Elie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Leon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes
1926?1950	1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Soderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche
1951?1975	1951 Leon Jouhaux 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1953 George Marshall 1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Georges Pire 1959 Philip Noel-Baker 1960 Albert Lutuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjold 1962 Linus Pauling 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King, Jr. 1965 UNICEF 1966 1967 1968 Rene Cassin 1969 International Labour Organization 1970 Norman Borlaug 1971 Willy Brandt 1972 1973 Le đ?c Th? (declined award) / Henry Kissinger 1974 Sean MacBride / Eisaku Sat? 1975 Andrei Sakharov
1976?2000	1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International 1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979 Mother Teresa 1980 Adolfo Perez Esquivel 1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso Garcia Robles 1983 Lech Wał?sa 1984 Desmond Tutu 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986 Elie Wiesel 1987 Oscar Arias 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989 Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 Rigoberta Menchu 1993 Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk 1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996 Carlos Belo / Jose Ramos-Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998 John Hume / David Trimble 1999 Medecins Sans Frontieres 2000 Kim Dae-jung
2001?present	2001 Kofi Annan / United Nations 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016 : Juan Manuel Santos 2017 : International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons 2018 : Denis Mukwege / Nadia Murad 2019 : Abiy Ahmed 2020 : World Food Programme

? ? ?? 1993 ???? ?????? ????????
?????????	Kary B. Mullis (United States) Michael Smith (Canada)
????????	Toni Morrison (United States)
???????	Nelson Mandela (South Africa) Frederik Willem de Klerk (South Africa)
?????????????	Russell Alan Hulse (United States) Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (United States)
Physiology or Medicine	Richard J. Roberts (United Kingdom) Phillip A. Sharp (United States)
Economic Sciences	Robert Fogel (United States) Douglass North (United States)
Nobel Prize recipients 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998