???????? ??????

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia

?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? . ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????.

????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????. 2000 ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? 20000 ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ??????? 36 ????????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ^[1] ?????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????????????????????.

????????? [ ????????? ]

37 ????????????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????????????. ??????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????? ??? ????????

???????? ??????????? ??????????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????????????? . ???? ????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????. ?????????? ????????????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????????????. ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ?????????????? 80 ???????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ???? (style)???? ????? ???????. ???? ???????????????? ??? ??????????????????????. ^[8]

??????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????. 20 ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????. ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????. ??????? ????????.

???????????? 77???? ???????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ????????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????????.

?????? [ ????????? ]

1. ↑ Anderson, Frank J. (1977). An Illustrated History of the Herbals . Columbia University Press. p.  17 . ISBN   0-231-04002-4 .
2. ↑ xxxiii.154?751
3. ↑ xxxiv
4. ↑ xxxv.15?941
5. ↑ 151?851
6. ↑ xxxvi
7. ↑ xxxvii
8. ↑ ??. ?????????? (2002). ???????????????? ?????????? . ???? ??????? ??????? ????????. ^{[ ???????????????? ????? ]}

???? ?????????? [ ????????? ]

• Burnham, Barry C. (1997). "Roman Mining at Dolaucothi: the Implications of the 1991-3 Excavations near the Carreg Pumsaint". Britannia . Britannia, Vol. 28. 28 : 325?336. doi : 10.2307/526771 . JSTOR   526771 .
• French, Roger & Greenaway, Frank (1986), Science in the Early Roman Empire: Pliny the Elder, his Sources and Influence , Croom Helm .
• Healy, John F. (1999). Pliny the Elder on Science and Technology . Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-814687-6 .
• Hodge, A. T. (2001). Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply (2nd ed.). London: Duckworth.
• Isager, Jacob (1991). Pliny on Art and Society: The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of Art . London & New York: Routledge. ISBN   0-415-06950-5 .
• Jones, G. D. B. (1960). "Dolaucothi: the Roman aqueduct". Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies . 19 : 71?84 and plates III?V. {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )
• Jones, R. F. J.; Bird, D. G. (1972). "Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna". Journal of Roman Studies . Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. 62 : 59?74. doi : 10.2307/298927 . JSTOR   298927 .
• Lewis, P. R. (1977). The Ogofau Roman gold mines at Dolaucothi . The National Trust Year Book 1976?77. Llandeilo: The National Trust.
• Lewis, P. R.; Jones, G. D. B. (1969). "The Dolaucothi gold mines, I: the surface evidence" . The Antiquaries Journal . 49 (2): 244?72.
• Lewis, P. R.; Jones, G. D. B. (1970). "Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain". Journal of Roman Studies . The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 60. 60 : 169?85. doi : 10.2307/299421 . JSTOR   299421 .
• Rackham, H.; Jones, W. H. S. & Eichholz, D. E. (translators), Pliny ? Natural History , 10 volumes, (Loeb Classical Library), 1938?1962.
• Wethered, H. N. (1937). The Mind of the Ancient World: A Consideration of Pliny's Natural History . London: Longmans Green.
• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , a publication now in the public domain .

???? ??????? [ ????????? ]

Text [ ????????? ]

??????? ?????????????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????:

Naturalis Historia

• Complete Latin text at LacusCurtius
• Complete Latin text with translation tools at the Perseus Digital Library
• First English translation , by Philemon Holland , 1601
• Second English translation, by John Bostock and Henry Thomas Riley , 1855; complete, including index
• Free audio book version of the English translation by J. Bostock and H. T. Riley, from LibriVox (incomplete)

Secondary material [ ????????? ]

• Pliny the Elder: rampant credulist, rational skeptic, or both? from the Skeptical Inquirer
• Chapter summaries Archived 2014-04-24 at the Wayback Machine .
• Life and career Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine .
• Pliny's Natural history Archived 2014-04-24 at the Wayback Machine .