???? ???????

???? ???????
???? ??????? ;
424 BC?321 BC
	The Nanda Empire at its greatest extent under Dhana Nanda circa 323 BC.
????????	Pataliputra
??????? ?????	Sanskrit
???	Jainism ; Hinduism ; Buddhism
?????????	Monarchy
Samrat
?????? ????	Antiquity
? ????????	424 BC
? ??????????	321 BC
?????	????
	Shishunaga dynasty
Maurya Empire

???????? ??????

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty

????.??. 5-?? ????????????? 4-?? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? . ? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????????????. ???????????? 88-?? ??????? ???????. 100 ???? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???. ????????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????. ????? ???????????????????????? ???. ????????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????, ??????????????? ??????????.

????????? ??????? [ ????????? ]

??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??? ? ?????????? ???????????. ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????? ???????, ???????? , ?????? , ????? , ?????? , ??????? , ???????? , ?????? , ??????? , ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????. ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????????. 88-?? ?????????? ???????????? ????????. ???????, 100 ???? ??????????? ???? ????????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???.

???? ????????????????? ???? [ ????????? ]

????????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ( ????????????? , ?????????? ????????????? ????? ???????? , ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????????????????). ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????. ???? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????. ????.??. 321-? ??????? ?????????????. ??? ????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????.

????????????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????:???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ????? ????????????????? ????????????????:

"?????????????????, ??? ?????????????????, ????????????? ???????? ?????????????????????, "?????????? ? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????, ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????:?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????" ????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????????????." ^[1]

???? ????????????? [ ????????? ]

??????? ????? (????.??. 424 ? ?)
???????
????????
???????
???????????
??????????
??????????
??????
?? ????? (????????) (? ? ????.??. 321)

?????? [ ????????? ]

↑ Plut. "Alex." 62-3.

??????? ??????? ???????	??? ?????????????	??????? ????? ???????

??????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ????? ????????????. ??? ???????????????? ?????????? .

[1] Plut. "Alex." 62-3.

[2] Samuel

[3] Samuel

[4] Michaels (2004) p.39

[5] Hiltebeitel (2002)

[6] Michaels (2004) p.39

[7] Hiltebeitel (2002)

[8] Micheals (2004) p.40

[9] Michaels (2004) p.41

[1]

[i]

[ii]

[iii]

[iv]

[v]

[vi]

[vii]

[viii]

? ? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????
????????? ?????????? ??????????	??????-????????? ?????? ( ??????? - Sapta Sindhu )	??????-???? ?????			????????????	????????????
????????? ?????????? ??????????	??????-????????? ?????? ( ??????? - Sapta Sindhu )	Western Gangetic Plain ( Kuru - Panchala )	Northern India (Central Gangetic Plain)	Northeastern India ( Northeast India )	????????????	????????????
IRON AGE
Culture	Late Vedic Period	Late Vedic Period (Brahmin ideology) ^[i] Painted Grey Ware culture	Late Vedic Period (Kshatriya/Shramanic culture) ^[ii] Northern Black Polished Ware		Pre-history
6-?? ?????????? ??.??	Gandhara	Kuru - Panchala	Magadha		Adivasi (tribes)
Culture	Persian-Greek influences	" Second Urbanisation " Rise of Shramana movements Jainism - Buddhism - ?j?vika - Yoga			Pre-history
5-?? ?????????? ??.??	( Persian rule )		Shishunaga dynasty		Adivasi (tribes)
4-?? ?????????? ??.??	( Greek conquests )		Nanda empire Kalinga		Adivasi (tribes)
HISTORICAL AGE
Culture	Spread of Buddhism				Pre-history	Sangam period (300 BC ? 200 AD)
3-?? ?????????? ??.??	Maurya Empire					Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam
Culture	Preclassical Hinduism ^[iii] - "Hindu Synthesis" ^[iv] (ca. 200 BC - 300 AD) ^[v]^[vi] Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism					Sangam period (continued) (300 BC ? 200 AD)
2-?? ?????????? ??.??.	Indo-Greek Kingdom		Shunga Empire		Adivasi (tribes)	Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam
1-?? ?????????? ??.??		???	??? ??????? ???????
1-?? ?????????? ?.??		Indo-Scythians Indo-Parthians	Kuninda Kingdom
2-?? ??????????		Pahlava		Varman dynasty
3-?? ??????????		Kushan Empire	Western Satraps	Kamarupa kingdom		Kalabhras dynasty Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras)
Culture	"Golden Age of Hinduism" (ca. AD 320-650) ^[vii] Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
4-?? ??????????	Gupta Empire					Kalabhras dynasty Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras) Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty
5-?? ??????????			Maitraka		Adivasi (tribes)	Kalabhras dynasty Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras) Vishnukundina
6-?? ??????????					Adivasi (tribes)	Kalabhras dynasty Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras)
Culture	Late-Classical Hinduism (ca. AD 650-1100) ^[viii] Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India
7-?? ??????????	Indo-Sassanids		Vakataka dynasty Empire of Harsha	Mlechchha dynasty	Adivasi (tribes)	Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras) Pandyan Kingdom(Revival) Pallava
8-?? ??????????		Kidarite Kingdom				Pandyan Kingdom Kalachuri
9-?? ??????????	Indo-Hephthalites (Huna)		Gurjara-Pratihara			Pandyan Kingdom Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom(Under Cholas) Chalukya Chera Perumals of Makkotai
10-?? ??????????				Pala dynasty Kamboja-Pala dynasty		Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom(Under Cholas) Chera Perumals of Makkotai Rashtrakuta
References and sources for table References ↑ Samuel ↑ Samuel ↑ Michaels (2004) p.39 ↑ Hiltebeitel (2002) ↑ Michaels (2004) p.39 ↑ Hiltebeitel (2002) ↑ Micheals (2004) p.40 ↑ Michaels (2004) p.41 Sources Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism , Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002), Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture" , Routledge Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present , Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century , Cambridge University Press