?????

???????? ??????

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxalite

??????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????-????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????. ???????????????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????????. ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? , ??????????? ?????????????, ??????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? (????????????) ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????. ^[1] ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??.??.?. (????????????)-????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. ^[2]

??????????? 21, 2004-? ???????????????????????? ??????? ??????, ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? , ??????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? (?????????????-????????????) , ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ??????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? (????????????) , ???? ??????? ???. ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????, ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????, ????????, ?????????? , ??????? 14, 2004-???? ? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????. ^[3]

?????????? ????????? [ ????????? ]

????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????????? ??. ?????? ?????. 2010 ???? 23 ?? ????????? ? ????????? ?????????. ^[4]

?????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????, ?????? ????????? ????? ???????????????????? ????????????? ?????????, ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????,(10 ???????????, 70 ??? ???????) ??????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ??? ?????, ????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????????? ??? ????? ???????????????.

???????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ?????, ??? ???????????????? ?????? ???????, ???????????? ????, ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????? , ???????? ????? ????????, ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????? ????? ????????, ????????????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????????????.

????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ???????, ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????.

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????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? & ?????, ???????, ?? ?????, ??????????, ??????????? ??????????????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????????????????.

?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????? ????, ???????????? ???? ????????????????, ???? ?????????????, ??????? ????, ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ????????.

?????????????, ???? ????????????? ????? ??, ?????? ????? ??, ???????? ????????????????? ????????????? ?.?? 47, ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????, ???????????, ???? ?????? ????????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ?????????, ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ???? ???????, ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? 20,000???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????.

????????? ???????????? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????. ??????, ??? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????????. 1980 ???? 2015 ??? ????? 35 ??????????? 3105 ?????? ??????????? 20,012 ??? ????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ??????????????. ???? 12,146 ??? ??????????????. 2019-? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? 2010 ???? 2019 ??? ????????? 1200 ????? ???????????????? ?????? 417 ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????????.

????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????. ???????? ????? ???? ????????????? 2018-? 61 ??????? 2019-? 21 ??????? ?????????????? ???????. ?????? 8 ????????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ??????????????.

????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ?, ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ? ?????, ????? ????????, ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????, ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ??????????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? (proxy war) ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????.

??????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??.??.??.?, ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ???, ????, ????? ? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????????????????? ????????????????? ???????? ???? ???????????.

????????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????, ?????????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? 1400 ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????.

???????????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????????????????????. ^[5] ???????, ??????????, ?????, ??????, ???????, ????????????-????? ????????????, ?????????-?????????? ??????????, ???????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????. ??????? ????? ????????, ?????, ????????, ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????.

2014-? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ??.??.? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? 2009-? ???????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????. ^[6] ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????. ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ???? ????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? Naxals in Kerala. Their network resources legitimacy and solutions for curbing future growth. Centre for land and welfare studies ???? ????? ???????????????????. ^[7]

??????, ?????????, ????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????????. ??????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????????????. ^[8]

??????? ?????????? ??????????, ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????, ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????, ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???, ???????? ?????? ???????, ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????????????.

???????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??. ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? 1970-1977 ?????????????? ???????? ??????????????? 1977-??? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ??????????. ????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??????. ^[9]

?????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????? 1970-????? ?????? ??.?.??????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????????. ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? 1975-1977-?? ????????????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????????. ????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????? 1970-1977 ???????????? ???????????? ??.??????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ???? ??.???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????. ^[10]

?????? ??????? [ ????????? ]

?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????????, ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????? ???????. ????????? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????.

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????????? ?????? ???????????/?????????? ????????

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1967-? ???? ?????????????? ???? ??????????????? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??. ??. ?. (??)-???? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????????, ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????????, ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????? ???????. ????????? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????. 1967 ???? 25-?? ????????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????. ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????????. ^[2]

??????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???? ???????, ??? ?????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????????????.. ^[11]

?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????????????. ?????????? ????????????????????? ??????????? Historic Eight Documents ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ^[12]. 1967-? ????? ???????????? AICCCR (All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries) ?????????????????, ???????? ??. ??. ?. (??)-? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ????????????? ?? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ??????????????????. 1969-? AICCR, ??????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? (?????????????-????????????)-?? ????????.

?????????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??. ??. ?. (??-?)-? ????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? . ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? (????????????) ???? ????? ?????????????.

1970-????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???????????????. 1980-? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????. ^[13] 2004-?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????, ? ??????? ?????? 9300 ???????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????. ^[14] ???????? ?????-??? (2006) ????????????????? ?????? ????????????????? ????? ??????, ????????? 160 ????????????, ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????????. ^[15]

????? ????? [ ????????? ]

??????????? ????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????. ^[16] ?????? ??????????????????????? ?? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????????. ??????? ??????????? ?????????????????????, ???????????????? ????, ??? ??????? ??????????????????? ???? ???????????? ????. ?????????????? ??????? "????? ???????????" ?????????? ??????????????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ??????????????? ??????????????, ?????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??????? ???????.

????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????. ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????. ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ???????. ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????. ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??. ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????????? ????? ???????????????????????. ^[17]

???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????. ???????? ????? ????????????????????? ?????????? ????? ??-???? ???????????? ???????, ???????? ????????? ???????????????????????, ???????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??????????? ?????, ?????, ????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ????????.

???????????????? ????? ????????? ???????????????????. ????????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ??? ??? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????????. ? ????????????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ???????????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????. ? ????????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????. ^[2]

??????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????????????. ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????. 1971-? ??. ??. ?. (??-??) ??????? ????????. ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????. 1972-? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??????. ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????.

????? ??????? ????????? [ ????????? ]

1967-?? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????. 1968-76 ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????????. ? ????????? ???????? - ?????????? , ?????????? , ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????, ??????? , ????????? , ?????? , ??????? , ???????, ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????. ^[18]

????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ???????????? ..??????? ????????, ???????? ????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????.

??????????????????? [ ????????? ]

1986-? ????????????? ??. ??. ???????? ???? ?????????????, ??. ?????? ????????? ????? ^[19] ????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ?? ????????.
1988-? ????????????? ??. ??. ???????? ???? ?????????????, ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????????.
2008-? ????????????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??? ?????????? ????????. ^[20]
2008-? ????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? , ??????????????? ????????? ???????. ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????????? ???. ^[21]
???????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ???????????????????.
2017 ????????? ???????????????, ???????????, ????????????? ?????? ???? ( ISBN 978-81-264-7495-0 ) ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????.
2018 ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? '??? ???????? ???? '????? ' ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????????? ?? ??????? ??????????.

?????? [ ????????? ]

↑ Ramakrishnan, Venkitesh ( 2005-09-21 ). "The Naxalite Challenge" . Frontline Magazine ( The Hindu ) . Retrieved 2009-01-13 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |date= ( help )
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Diwanji, A. K. ( 2003-10-02 ). "Primer: Who are the Naxalites?" . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2009-01-13 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |date= ( help ) ; Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= ( help )
↑ http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/CPI_M.htm
↑ https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Naxalism-biggest-threat-to-internal-security-Manmohan/article16302952.ece
↑ https://www.deccanherald.com/india/how-the-term-urban-naxal-came-to-being-1152587.html
↑ https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/amit-shah-responds-to-anti-maoist-operation-in-chhattisgarh-1.9491012 ?
↑ https://www.claws.in/publication/naxals-in-kerala-their-networks-resources-legitimacy-and-solutions-for-curbing-future-growth/
↑ https://www.gulf-times.com/story/522547/killing-of-two-maoist-rebels-sparks-row-in-kerala
↑ https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/Dec/24/the-man-who-stopped-naxalisms-spread-in-kerala-213659.html
↑ https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/naxalism-a-curse-to-humanity-centre-committed-to-rooting-it-out-amit-shah-123100600179_1.html
↑ Charu Mazumdar, "'Boycott Elections!' International Significance of the Slogan", Liberation, December 1968. Snippet: ... Any hesitancy, ever so little, to recognize that the thought of Chairman Mao is Marxism-Leninism of the present era, cannot but weaken the anti-imperialist struggle. This is because it blunts the very weapon with which revisionism has to be fought. Chairman Mao has taught us that we cannot advance even one step to attack imperialism without hitting revisionism ... http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mazumdar/1968/12/x01.html
↑ "???????? ???????" . Archived from the original on 2003-12-06 . Retrieved 2009-01-13 .
↑ Singh, Prakash. The Naxalite Movement in India . New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 1999. p. 101.
↑ Quoted in Judith Vidal-Hall, "Naxalites", p. 73?75 in Index on Censorship , Volume 35, Number 4 (2006). Quoted on p. 74.
↑ Judith Vidal-Hall, "Naxalites", p. 73?75 in Index on Censorship , Volume 35, Number 4 (2006). p. 74.
↑ Judith Vidal-Hall, "Naxalites", p. 73?75 in Index on Censorship , Volume 35, Number 4 (2006). p. 73.
↑ "Mrs. Gandhi's Gamble" . Time Magazine . 1971-01-11 . Archived from the original on 2007-02-24 . Retrieved 2007-03-15 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |date= ( help )
↑ Krishnakumar, R. ( 2005-10-08 ). [URL: http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021004902600.htm "Primer: Embers of a revolution"]. Frontline . Retrieved 2009-01-15 . {{ cite web }}: Check |url= value ( help ) ; Check date values in: |date= ( help ) ; Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= ( help )
↑ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0215028/
↑ http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14682913&cid=2362
↑ http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/03ssg.htm

[1] Ramakrishnan, Venkitesh ( 2005-09-21 ). "The Naxalite Challenge" . Frontline Magazine ( The Hindu ) . Retrieved 2009-01-13 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |date= ( help )

[rediff-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Diwanji, A. K. ( 2003-10-02 ). "Primer: Who are the Naxalites?" . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2009-01-13 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |date= ( help ) ; Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= ( help )

[3] ttp://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/CPI_M.htm

[4] ttps://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Naxalism-biggest-threat-to-internal-security-Manmohan/article16302952.ece

[5] ttps://www.deccanherald.com/india/how-the-term-urban-naxal-came-to-being-1152587.html

[6] ttps://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/amit-shah-responds-to-anti-maoist-operation-in-chhattisgarh-1.9491012 ?

[7] ttps://www.claws.in/publication/naxals-in-kerala-their-networks-resources-legitimacy-and-solutions-for-curbing-future-growth/

[8] ttps://www.gulf-times.com/story/522547/killing-of-two-maoist-rebels-sparks-row-in-kerala

[9] ttps://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/Dec/24/the-man-who-stopped-naxalisms-spread-in-kerala-213659.html

[10] ttps://www.business-standard.com/india-news/naxalism-a-curse-to-humanity-centre-committed-to-rooting-it-out-amit-shah-123100600179_1.html

[mazumdar1968-01-11] Charu Mazumdar, "'Boycott Elections!' International Significance of the Slogan", Liberation, December 1968. Snippet: ... Any hesitancy, ever so little, to recognize that the thought of Chairman Mao is Marxism-Leninism of the present era, cannot but weaken the anti-imperialist struggle. This is because it blunts the very weapon with which revisionism has to be fought. Chairman Mao has taught us that we cannot advance even one step to attack imperialism without hitting revisionism ... http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mazumdar/1968/12/x01.html

[12] "???????? ???????" . Archived from the original on 2003-12-06 . Retrieved 2009-01-13 .

[13] Singh, Prakash. The Naxalite Movement in India . New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 1999. p. 101.

[14] Quoted in Judith Vidal-Hall, "Naxalites", p. 73?75 in Index on Censorship , Volume 35, Number 4 (2006). Quoted on p. 74.

[15] Judith Vidal-Hall, "Naxalites", p. 73?75 in Index on Censorship , Volume 35, Number 4 (2006). p. 74.

[16] Judith Vidal-Hall, "Naxalites", p. 73?75 in Index on Censorship , Volume 35, Number 4 (2006). p. 73.

[17] "Mrs. Gandhi's Gamble" . Time Magazine . 1971-01-11 . Archived from the original on 2007-02-24 . Retrieved 2007-03-15 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |date= ( help )

[frontline-18] Krishnakumar, R. ( 2005-10-08 ). [URL: http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021004902600.htm "Primer: Embers of a revolution"]. Frontline . Retrieved 2009-01-15 . {{ cite web }}: Check |url= value ( help ) ; Check date values in: |date= ( help ) ; Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= ( help )

[19] ttp://www.imdb.com/title/tt0215028/

[20] ttp://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14682913&cid=2362

[21] ttp://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/03ssg.htm

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