????? ?????

Khanate
	Yuan dynasty ; Ilkhanate ; Golden Horde ; Chagatai Khanate ;
War
	Toluid Civil War ; Berke?Hulagu war ; Kaidu?Kublai war ; Esen Buqa?Ayurbarwada war ;

Golden Horde
*Ulus of Jochi* ^[i]

З?чийн улс
Golden Horde ; Ulus of Jochi ; З?чийн улс
1240s?1502
	Flag as shown in Dulcert’s 1339 map (other sources illustrate that the Golden Horde was known for the yellow color of the khan's flag and trappings ).
????	Nomadic empire ; Division of the Mongol Empire (until 1313/68) ;
????????	Sarai Batu
??????? ?????	Mongolian ; Turkic ( Kipchak ) ;
???	Tengrism ; Shamanism ; Orthodox Christianity ; Tibetan Buddhism (1240s?1313) ; Islam (1313?1502) ;
?????????	Semi- elective monarchy , later hereditary monarchy
Khan
? 1226?1280	Orda Khan ( White Horde )
? 1242?1255	Batu Khan ( Blue Horde )
? 1379?1395	Tokhtamysh
? 1435?1459	Kuchuk Muhammad ( Great Horde )
? 1481?1498, 1499?1502	Shaykh Ahmad
?????????????	Kurultai
?????? ????	Late Middle Ages
? Established after the Mongol invasion of Rus'	1240s
? Blue Horde and White Horde united	1379
? Disintegrated into Great Horde	1466
? Last remnant subjugated by the Crimean Khanate	1502
???????????
1310	6,000,000 km 2 (2,300,000 sq mi)
???????????	Pul , Som , Dirham
?????	????
	Mongol Empire
	Cuman-Kipchak Confederation
	Volga Bulgaria
Crimean Khanate
Qasim Khanate
Khanate of Kazan
Astrakhan Khanate
Uzbek Khanate
Kazakh Khanate
Khanate of Sibir
Khanate of Khiva
Timurid Empire
Nogai Khanate
	↑ Their state came to be known in historiography as the Golden Horde or the ulus ("people" or "patrimony") of Djochi , while the contemporaries simply referred to it as the Great Horde ( ulu orda ). ; ↑ Official language since the inception of the Golden Horde, used in chancery. ; ↑ Especially the western Kipchak dialects, this language spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the Black Sea steppe who were non-Mongol Turks, and those in the Khan's army. Shift from Mongol to Turkic occurred in the 1350s, or earlier, also used in chancery. ;

???????? ??????

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde

???????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????, ???????? 13-?? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????????? , ???????? ????????? ????? ?????' (????????: Алтан Орд, ?????? ????; ????? : Золотая Орда, ????????? ???, ??????: Алтын Урда, ????? ???) ^[6]??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????????. ^[7]

1255-? ????? ????? (????? ????????? ???????) ???????, ?????????????? ??????? ??? ??????????????????? 1359 ??? ?????????. ???????? ?????????? 1290 ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????????????????????. ??????????? (1312-1341) ??????????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????????. ??? ?????? ???????????. ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????, ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????. ??????, ????? ????? ??????? ???????? , ???????? ???????? , ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????. ^[8]

???????????? ????? (1381-1395) ?????????????????????? 1359-? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????????? 1396-?? ??????????????????, ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????????. ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????. 1466 ?????????????, ??? ????? " ???????? ????? " ????? ??????????????? ??????. ^[9]^[10]?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????. ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????. 1480-? " ?????? ?????????? " ^[11]^[12]??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??? ?????????. ^[13]????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ^[14]^[15] ????? ????????? 1783-??? 1847-??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????. ^[16]

????? ?????? (1225-1241) [ ????????? ]

?????? ????????: ???? ??????????? ????? ?????????, ???? ?????? ????? ?????????, ????? ??????????

1227-? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????????????? ?????????. ?????, ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ?????????????????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????????. ???????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???, ?????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????????, ^[17]^[18]

1235-?, ??? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????, ??????????? ???????????? ???????? 1236-? ???? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????. ????? ??????? 1237-? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????. ????????????????? ????????????????????????? ????? ?????????? 1216-1218 ? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????. ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????. 1239 ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????????, ??? ???????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????????????. ^[19]

????? [ ????????? ]

??????????? ?????? ?????
????? ????????? 762 ?????? (1359 ???) ???? ????? ???? ?????.

???????? [ ????????? ]

?????? ????? ???? ??????
?????? ????? ???? ??????
?????????? ????? ????? ??????
????? ???? ?????? ?????????
????? ????? ?????? ?????
Mongol-?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????.
" ?????????? ???????? '??????? ???? ????????. ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????..
???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????????????????
1285 ? ?????????? ????? ?????????
[[??????????? ???? ?????????.
1238-? ??? ?????? The sack of Suzdal ???????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????? .
??????? ????????????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????
???????? ?????? (1361-70) ??????? ??? ???????? ????????????
?????-?????? ??????
????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????????????

???? ????? [ ????????? ]

??????????, ???????????? [ ????????? ]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Kołodziejczyk (2011) , ????. 4.
↑ Zahler, Diane (2013). The Black Death (Revised Edition) . Twenty-First Century Books. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-4677-0375-8 .
↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" . Journal of world-systems research . 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X . Retrieved 12 September 2016 .
↑ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" . International Studies Quarterly . 41 (3): 498. doi : 10.1111/0020-8833.00053 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 .
↑ German A. Fedorov-Davydov The Monetary System of The Golden Horde*. Translated by L. I. Smirnova (Holden). Retrieved: 14 July 2017.
↑ Perrie, Maureen, ed. (2006). The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume 1, From Early Rus' to 1689 . Cambridge University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-521-81227-6 . 1259-?? ???? ???????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????
↑ "Golden Horde" . Encyclopædia Britannica . 2007. Also called Kipchak Khanate Russian designation for Juchi's Ulus, the western part of the Mongol Empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. The people of the Golden Horde were mainly a mixture of Turkic and Uralic peoples and Sarmatians & Scythians and, to a lesser extent, Mongols, with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy. Distinguish the Kipchak Khanate from the earlier Cuman-Kipchak confederation in the same region that had previously held sway, before its conquest by the Mongols.
↑ "Golden Horde". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. "Also called Kipchak Khanate Russian designation for Juchi's Ulus, the western part of the Mongol Empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. The people of the Golden Horde were mainly a mixture of Turkic and Uralic peoples and Sarmatians & Scythians and, to a lesser extent, Mongols, with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy. Distinguish the Kipchak Khanate from the earlier Cuman-Kipchak confederation in the same region that had previously held sway, before its conquest by the Mongols."
↑ Kimberly Kagan (2010). The Imperial Moment. p. 114.
↑ Bruce Alan Masters (2010). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. p. 159.
↑ "The Mongol Invasion of Russia in the 13th Century | Study.com". Study.com. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
↑ Wikisource Douglas, Robert Kennaway; Julg, Bernhard (1911). "Mongols". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 712?721.
↑ A Short History of the USSR. Progress Publishers. 1965.
↑ Fisher, Alan (1998). "Between Russians, Ottomans and Turks: Crimea and Crimean Tatars".
↑ Fisher, Alan W (1978). The Crimean Tatars. Studies of Nationalities in the USSR. Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-6662-1 .
↑ gStudies in History, Volume 4
↑ Edward L. Keenan , Encyclopedia Americana article
↑ Grekov, B. D.; Yakubovski, A. Y. (1998) [1950]. The Golden Horde and its Downfall (in ?????). Moscow: Bogorodskii Pechatnik. ISBN 5-8958-9005-9 .
↑ "History of Crimean Khanate" . Archived from the original on 2009-01-06. (in English)

????????????? [ ????????? ]

Allsen, Thomas T. (1985). "The Princes of the Left Hand: An Introduction to the History of the Ulus of Ordu in the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries". Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi . Vol. V. Harrassowitz. pp. 5?40. ISBN 978-3-447-08610-3 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire . Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle (1880). History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century . New York: Burt Franklin. {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Jackson, Peter (2014). The Mongols and the West: 1221-1410 . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-87898-8 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2011). The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents . Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 90-04-19190-9 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Martin, Janet (2007). Medieval Russia, 980-1584 . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85916-5 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Spuler, Bertold (1943). Die Goldene Horde, die Mongolen in Russland, 1223-1502 (in ??????). O. Harrassowitz. {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )

?????? ?????????? [ ????????? ]

Boris Grekov and Alexander Yakubovski, The Golden Horde and its Downfall
George Vernadsky , The Mongols and Russia
The Golden Horde, FTDNA

????? ???????? [ ????????? ]

The Golden Horde coinage Archived 2016-01-10 at the Wayback Machine .
(in Russian) Golden Horde Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine . ? articles at the World Archaeology Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine .

[2] Their state came to be known in historiography as the Golden Horde or the ulus ("people" or "patrimony") of Djochi , while the contemporaries simply referred to it as the Great Horde ( ulu orda ). ^[1]

[4] Official language since the inception of the Golden Horde, used in chancery.

[5] Especially the western Kipchak dialects, this language spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the Black Sea steppe who were non-Mongol Turks, and those in the Khan's army. Shift from Mongol to Turkic occurred in the 1350s, or earlier, also used in chancery.

[FOOTNOTEKołodziejczyk20114-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Kołodziejczyk (2011) , ????. 4.

[3] Zahler, Diane (2013). The Black Death (Revised Edition) . Twenty-First Century Books. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-4677-0375-8 .

[6] Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" . Journal of world-systems research . 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X . Retrieved 12 September 2016 .

[7] Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" . International Studies Quarterly . 41 (3): 498. doi : 10.1111/0020-8833.00053 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 .

[8] German A. Fedorov-Davydov The Monetary System of The Golden Horde*. Translated by L. I. Smirnova (Holden). Retrieved: 14 July 2017.

[9] Perrie, Maureen, ed. (2006). The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume 1, From Early Rus' to 1689 . Cambridge University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-521-81227-6 . 1259-?? ???? ???????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????

[Britannica1-10] "Golden Horde" . Encyclopædia Britannica . 2007. Also called Kipchak Khanate Russian designation for Juchi's Ulus, the western part of the Mongol Empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. The people of the Golden Horde were mainly a mixture of Turkic and Uralic peoples and Sarmatians & Scythians and, to a lesser extent, Mongols, with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy. Distinguish the Kipchak Khanate from the earlier Cuman-Kipchak confederation in the same region that had previously held sway, before its conquest by the Mongols.

[11] "Golden Horde". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. "Also called Kipchak Khanate Russian designation for Juchi's Ulus, the western part of the Mongol Empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. The people of the Golden Horde were mainly a mixture of Turkic and Uralic peoples and Sarmatians & Scythians and, to a lesser extent, Mongols, with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy. Distinguish the Kipchak Khanate from the earlier Cuman-Kipchak confederation in the same region that had previously held sway, before its conquest by the Mongols."

[12] Kimberly Kagan (2010). The Imperial Moment. p. 114.

[13] Bruce Alan Masters (2010). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. p. 159.

[14] "The Mongol Invasion of Russia in the 13th Century | Study.com". Study.com. Retrieved 2017-05-15.

[15] Wikisource Douglas, Robert Kennaway; Julg, Bernhard (1911). "Mongols". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 712?721.

[16] A Short History of the USSR. Progress Publishers. 1965.

[17] Fisher, Alan (1998). "Between Russians, Ottomans and Turks: Crimea and Crimean Tatars".

[18] Fisher, Alan W (1978). The Crimean Tatars. Studies of Nationalities in the USSR. Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-6662-1 .

[19] Studies in History, Volume 4

[20] Edward L. Keenan , Encyclopedia Americana article

[21] Grekov, B. D.; Yakubovski, A. Y. (1998) [1950]. The Golden Horde and its Downfall (in ?????). Moscow: Bogorodskii Pechatnik. ISBN 5-8958-9005-9 .

[22] "History of Crimean Khanate" . Archived from the original on 2009-01-06. (in English)

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? ? ?? State successors of Golden Horde
White Horde	Great Horde Khanate of Kazan Qasim Khanate Khanate of Astrakhan Khanate of Crimea
Blue Horde	Nogai Horde Khanate of Sibir Kazakh Khanate Uzbek Khanate Khanate of Khiva
Other	Genghisids Moscow State Expansion History of Kazakhstan History of Crimea History of Tatarstan History of Bashkortostan History of Uzbekistan History of Siberia History of Kyrgyzstan
Crimea portal

? ? ?? ???????????????? ???????
???????????????????	????????? · ?????? ????????? ?????????? · ????-????????? · ?????????? · ?????? · ??????? ??????????? · ?????????? ( ????? ?????????? · ???????????? ) · ??????????????? · ?????? · ??????????????? · ??? ( ??? · ??? ) · ????????? · ???? ( ????????? ???? · ??????? ???? ) · ?????????
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History of the Mongols

Timeline · History · Rulers · Nobility Culture · Language · Proto-Mongols
States Mongol khanates IX-X Khereid Khanate X-1203 Merkit Khanate XI?XII Tatar Khanate IX ? XII Naiman Khanate -1204 Khamag Mongol Khanate X-1206 Mongol Empire 1206-1368 Yuan dynasty 1271-1368 Khitan Sultanate 1220s-1306 Chagatai Khanate 1225-1340s Moghulistan 1346-1462 Golden Horde 1240-1502 Ilkhanate 1256-1335 Chobanids 1335-1357 Jalairid Sultanate 1335-1432 Injuids 1335-1357 Northern Yuan dynasty 1368-1691 Timurid Empire 1370?1507 Kara Del 1383-1513 Four Oirat 1399-1634 Arghun dynasty 1479-1599 Mughal Empire 1526?1857 Kalmyk Khanate 1630-1731 Khoshut Khanate 1640s-1717 Dzungar Khanate 1634-1758 Bogd Khaganate 1911-1924 Mongolian People's Republic 1924?1992 Mongolia 1992-present

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