?????? ????????? ????????? ????

????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ( Koppen climate classification ). 1884-???? ?????-???? ????????????????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????????????? ^[2]^[3] ???????? ??????? 1918-??? 1936-??? ???????? ????????? ???????. ^[4]^[5]

Koppen climate classification scheme symbols description table. ^[1]
1st	2nd	3rd	Description
A	f		Tropical	Rainforest
	m			Monsoon
	w			Savanna, Wet
	s			Savanna, Dry
B	W		Arid	Desert
	S			Steppe
		h			Hot
		k			Cold
		n			Mild
C	s		Temperate	Dry summer
	w			Dry winter
	f			Without dry season
		a			Hot summer
		b			Warm summer
		c			Cold summer
D	s		Cold (continental)	Dry summer
	w			Dry winter
	f			Without dry season
		a			Hot summer
		b			Warm summer
		c			Cold summer
		d			Very cold winter
E	T		Polar	Tundra
E	F		Polar	Eternal winter (ice cap)

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↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Koppen?Geiger climate classification" . Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci . 11 : 1633?1644. doi : 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 . ISSN 1027-5606 . {{ cite journal }}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link ) (direct: Final Revised Paper )
↑ Koppen, Wladimir (1884). Translated by Volken, E.; Bronnimann, S. "Die Warmezonen der Erde, nach der Dauer der heissen, gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nach der Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrachtet" [The thermal zones of the earth according to the duration of hot, moderate and cold periods and to the impact of heat on the organic world)]. Meteorologische Zeitschrift (published 2011). 20 (3): 351?360. Bibcode : 2011MetZe..20..351K . doi : 10.1127/0941-2948/2011/105 – via http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/mz/2011/00000020/00000003/art00009 . {{ cite journal }}: External link in |via= ( help )
↑ Rubel, F.; Kottek, M (2011). "Comments on: 'The thermal zones of the Earth' by Wladimir Koppen (1884)" . Meteorologische Zeitschrift . 20 (3): 361?365. Bibcode : 2011MetZe..20..361R . doi : 10.1127/0941-2948/2011/0258 .
↑ Koppen, Wladimir (1918). "Klassification der Klimate nach Temperatur, Niederschlag and Jahreslauf". Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen . Vol. 64. pp. 193?203, 243?248 – via http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/koeppen.htm . {{ cite encyclopedia }}: External link in |via= ( help )
↑ Koppen, Wladimir (1936). "C". In Koppen, Wladimir; Geiger (publisher), Rudolf (eds.). Das geographische System der Klimate [ The geographic system of climates ] (PDF) . Vol. 1. Berlin: Borntraeger. {{ cite encyclopedia }}: |work= ignored ( help )

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????????? ????? [ ????????? ]

IPCC Data Distribution Center

[Peel-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Koppen?Geiger climate classification" . Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci . 11 : 1633?1644. doi : 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 . ISSN 1027-5606 . {{ cite journal }}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link ) (direct: Final Revised Paper )

[2] Koppen, Wladimir (1884). Translated by Volken, E.; Bronnimann, S. "Die Warmezonen der Erde, nach der Dauer der heissen, gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nach der Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrachtet" [The thermal zones of the earth according to the duration of hot, moderate and cold periods and to the impact of heat on the organic world)]. Meteorologische Zeitschrift (published 2011). 20 (3): 351?360. Bibcode : 2011MetZe..20..351K . doi : 10.1127/0941-2948/2011/105 – via http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/mz/2011/00000020/00000003/art00009 . {{ cite journal }}: External link in |via= ( help )

[3] Rubel, F.; Kottek, M (2011). "Comments on: 'The thermal zones of the Earth' by Wladimir Koppen (1884)" . Meteorologische Zeitschrift . 20 (3): 361?365. Bibcode : 2011MetZe..20..361R . doi : 10.1127/0941-2948/2011/0258 .

[4] Koppen, Wladimir (1918). "Klassification der Klimate nach Temperatur, Niederschlag and Jahreslauf". Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen . Vol. 64. pp. 193?203, 243?248 – via http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/koeppen.htm . {{ cite encyclopedia }}: External link in |via= ( help )

[5] Koppen, Wladimir (1936). "C". In Koppen, Wladimir; Geiger (publisher), Rudolf (eds.). Das geographische System der Klimate [ The geographic system of climates ] (PDF) . Vol. 1. Berlin: Borntraeger. {{ cite encyclopedia }}: |work= ignored ( help )

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? ? ?? Climate types under the Koppen climate classification
Class A	Tropical rainforest (Af) Tropical monsoon (Am) Tropical savanna (Aw, As)
Class B	Desert (BWh, BWk) Semi-arid (BSh, BSk)
Class C	Humid subtropical (Cfa, Cwa) Oceanic (Cfb, Cwb, Cfc, Cwc) Mediterranean (Csa, Csb, Csc)
Class D	Humid continental (Dfa, Dwa, Dfb, Dwb, Dsa, Dsb) Subarctic (Dfc, Dwc, Dfd, Dwd, Dsc, Dsd)
Class E	Tundra (ET) Ice cap (EF) Alpine (ET, EF)