????? ????????

?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ???????? , ??? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ?????????????????????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ^[1] ^[2] ^[3]??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ^[4] . ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????????????????. ?????? , ?????????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????, ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????? ???????????????. ???????????? , ????????????? ??? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????. ?????? ????????????, ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????.

??????? [ ????????? ]

1873-? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?? ???????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????????????. ?????? ????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????????????? ?????????????. ^[5]

???????? ?????????? ???? ????????????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????. ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????. ??????? Le Cimetiere des Innocents ? ?????? ?????? 6,000,000 ?? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????. ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? <a href=" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery " rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Pere Lachaise Cemetery" class="cx-link" data-linkid="43">Pere Lachaise Cemetery</a> ????????????? ?????? . ^[6]

?????? [ ????????? ]

???? ??????? ???????? ????????? [ ????????? ]

1238-? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? 300 ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? 2005-? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????. ^[7]

??????? ??????? ?????? [ ????????? ]

???????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????????. ????????? ??????????, ???????????? 47 ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????. ??????????????? , ???????????????? ???????????? ?????? 15-50 ?????? ??????????????????? ?????????. ????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????, ??? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????????????????. ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????. ^[8]

?????????? ????????? [ ????????? ]

?????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????, ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ????????. ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????????. ??????, ?????????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????, ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????????. ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????. ^[9] ^[10]

1936 ??? 1939 ??? ????? ?????? 500,000 ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????? 135,000 ??? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????? 2,000 ????? ?????????? ?????. ^[11]

?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????????????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????????? (ARMH) ^[12] ???? ????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ??????????. ? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????, ????????? ?????? , ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????. ^[11]

2008-?? ?????????????, ? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? 4 ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????. ? ????? ??????????? 1936 ???? 18-?? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ????????????????????. ^[12]

???????? ??????????????? ???? (??????) ?????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????. ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? 1 ?????? ???? 5 ?????? ??? ?????????????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????. ^[11]

?????? ??? ????????? ?????? [ ????????? ]

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?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????? ??????????

???? ????? [ ????????? ]

↑ Mant, A.K. (1987). "Knowledge acquired from post-War exhumations". In Boddington, A.; Garland, A.N.; Janaway, R.C. (eds.). Death, Decay, and Reconstruction: Approaches to Archaeology and Forensic Science . Manchester University Press. pp. 65 ?78. ISBN 0-7190-2303-3 .
↑ Skinner, M. (1987). "Planning the archeological recovery of evidence from recent mass graves" . Forensic Science International (34 ed.). 34 (4): 267?287. doi : 10.1016/0379-0738(87)90040-5 . PMID 3305249 .
↑ Cox, M.; Flavel, A.; Hanson, I.; Laver, J.; Wessling, R., eds. (2008). The Scientific Investigation of Mass Graves: Towards Protocols and Standard Operating Procedures . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521865876 .
↑ Human remains and identification . Oxford University Press. 2015. pp. 169?171. ISBN 978-1784991975 .
↑ Emmerson, Allison L. C. (2020-05-24). Life and Death in the Roman Suburb (in ????????). Oxford University Press. pp. 92?98. ISBN 978-0-19-259409-9 .
↑ Krupa, Frederique (1991). "Paris: Urban Sanitation Before the 20th Century" . Archived from the original on 2021-04-12 . Retrieved 2023-04-28 .
↑ September 2019, Mindy Weisberger-Senior Writer 10 (10 September 2019). "13th-Century Death Pit Reveals Murdered Family in the 'City Drowned in Blood' " . livescience.com (in ????????) . Retrieved 2021-06-29 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link )
↑ Nicklisch, Nicole; Ramsthaler, Frank; Meller, Harald; Friederich, Susanne; Alt, Kurt W. (2017). "The face of war: Trauma analysis of a mass grave from the Battle of Lutzen (1632)" . PLOS ONE . 12 (5): e0178252. Bibcode : 2017PLoSO..1278252N . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0178252 . PMC 5439951 . PMID 28542491 . {{ cite journal }}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link )
↑ "Archaeologists Seek Mass Graves in Waterloo Battlefield" . artnet News (in ????????? ????????). 2015-02-10 . Retrieved 2020-09-14 .
↑ Arce, Nicole (2018-06-12). "Archaeologists Dig Up Mass Grave Of Soldiers Crushed By Napoleon's Troops" . Tech Times (in ????????) . Retrieved 2020-09-14 .
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Fernandez-Alvarez, Jose-Paulino; Rubio-Melendi, David; Martinez-Velasco, Antxoka; Pringle, Jamie K.; Aguilera, Hector-David (2016). "Discovery of a mass grave from the Spanish Civil War using Ground Penetrating Radar and forensic archaeology" . Forensic Science International . 267 : e10?e17. doi : 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.040 . ISSN 0379-0738 . PMID 27318840 .
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Rios, Luis; Garcia-Rubio, Almudena; Martinez, Berta; Alonso, Andrea; Puente, Jorge (2012). "Identification process in mass graves from the Spanish Civil War II". Forensic Science International . 219 (1?3): e4?e9. doi : 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.11.021 . ISSN 0379-0738 . PMID 22227148 .

????? ???????? [ ????????? ]

[1] Mant, A.K. (1987). "Knowledge acquired from post-War exhumations". In Boddington, A.; Garland, A.N.; Janaway, R.C. (eds.). Death, Decay, and Reconstruction: Approaches to Archaeology and Forensic Science . Manchester University Press. pp. 65 ?78. ISBN 0-7190-2303-3 .

[2] Skinner, M. (1987). "Planning the archeological recovery of evidence from recent mass graves" . Forensic Science International (34 ed.). 34 (4): 267?287. doi : 10.1016/0379-0738(87)90040-5 . PMID 3305249 .

[3] Cox, M.; Flavel, A.; Hanson, I.; Laver, J.; Wessling, R., eds. (2008). The Scientific Investigation of Mass Graves: Towards Protocols and Standard Operating Procedures . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521865876 .

[4] Human remains and identification . Oxford University Press. 2015. pp. 169?171. ISBN 978-1784991975 .

[5] Emmerson, Allison L. C. (2020-05-24). Life and Death in the Roman Suburb (in ????????). Oxford University Press. pp. 92?98. ISBN 978-0-19-259409-9 .

[6] Krupa, Frederique (1991). "Paris: Urban Sanitation Before the 20th Century" . Archived from the original on 2021-04-12 . Retrieved 2023-04-28 .

[7] September 2019, Mindy Weisberger-Senior Writer 10 (10 September 2019). "13th-Century Death Pit Reveals Murdered Family in the 'City Drowned in Blood' " . livescience.com (in ????????) . Retrieved 2021-06-29 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link )

[8] Nicklisch, Nicole; Ramsthaler, Frank; Meller, Harald; Friederich, Susanne; Alt, Kurt W. (2017). "The face of war: Trauma analysis of a mass grave from the Battle of Lutzen (1632)" . PLOS ONE . 12 (5): e0178252. Bibcode : 2017PLoSO..1278252N . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0178252 . PMC 5439951 . PMID 28542491 . {{ cite journal }}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link )

[9] "Archaeologists Seek Mass Graves in Waterloo Battlefield" . artnet News (in ????????? ????????). 2015-02-10 . Retrieved 2020-09-14 .

[10] Arce, Nicole (2018-06-12). "Archaeologists Dig Up Mass Grave Of Soldiers Crushed By Napoleon's Troops" . Tech Times (in ????????) . Retrieved 2020-09-14 .

[:13-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Fernandez-Alvarez, Jose-Paulino; Rubio-Melendi, David; Martinez-Velasco, Antxoka; Pringle, Jamie K.; Aguilera, Hector-David (2016). "Discovery of a mass grave from the Spanish Civil War using Ground Penetrating Radar and forensic archaeology" . Forensic Science International . 267 : e10?e17. doi : 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.040 . ISSN 0379-0738 . PMID 27318840 .

[:14-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Rios, Luis; Garcia-Rubio, Almudena; Martinez, Berta; Alonso, Andrea; Puente, Jorge (2012). "Identification process in mass graves from the Spanish Civil War II". Forensic Science International . 219 (1?3): e4?e9. doi : 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.11.021 . ISSN 0379-0738 . PMID 22227148 .

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