???????????, ??? ????????? ???????????.
?????????
|
|---|
 |
| ????
| 334 CE
|
|---|
| ????
| 413 CE
|
|---|
| ?????
| ??????????????, ???????, ????????
|
|---|
| ???????????????
| ????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????
|
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???
?????????????????
??????????????????
?????????
(
Kum?raj?va
)
[1]
.
?.??. 334-?
???????
??????????????? ???? ???? ????????????? ?????????????? ????.
[2]
?????? ??????????? ??? ????????????????? ???????????????
???????????????????
???????????? ??????,
[3]
[4]
[5]
?????? ???????? ????????????. ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????. ?????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????.
??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????. ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????. ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????????????? ????????? ???????????. ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ????.
???????????? ??????,
????? ???????
????????? ????????????????????. ???
?????????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????. ??????? ???????????? 379-? ?????????? ???????????????????? ????? ??????. 384-? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ????????????. ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ??????. ? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ?????????????? ????? 16 ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????.
?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?.??. 401-? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????. ???????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????.
??????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????. ?????? ??????????????????????????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????. ???????????????????, ???????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ???? ??????????????????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????????????. ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????????? ???? ????????????.
?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????. ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????.
???????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????????????. ?.??. 409 ??????????? 15-?? ????????? ????????????? ?? ? ????? ????? ????????????????????????. ?????? ????????? 413 ????? 28-??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????.
- ↑
"?????????"
.
http://www.sutrasmantras.info/translators.html
. Archived from the original on 2016-02-07
. Retrieved 7 ????????? 2016
.
CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link
)
- ↑
Pollard, Elizabeth (2015).
Worlds Together Worlds Apart
. 500 Fifth Ave New York, NY: W.W. Norton Company Inc. p. 287.
ISBN
978-0-393-91847-2
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location (
link
)
- ↑
Upinder Singh
,
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
, Pearson Education India (2008), p. 523
- ↑
Moti Chandra,
Trade and Trade Routes in Ancient India
, Abhinav Publications (1977), p. 180
- ↑
David Howard Smith,
Chinese Religions From 1000 B.C. to the Present Day
,
Weidenfeld & Nicolson
(1971), p. 115
- Nattier, Jan.
The Heart Sutra: A Chinese Apocryphal Text?
Archived
2013-10-29 at the
Wayback Machine
.
. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies Vol. 15 (2), 153-223 (1992).
- Puri, B. N.
Buddhism in Central Asia
, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi, 1987 (2000 reprint)
This article incorporates text from
The Chinese recorder and missionary journal, Volume 3
, a publication from 1871 now in the
public domain
in the United States.
?????????????? ???????
[
?????????
]
