????????? , ????????? ?????? ??????????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? . ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????????. ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????, ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? , ?????? " ?????????? ?????? ", ????????? , ??????? ?????? . ???????? ??????? ????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? , ?????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ?????????????????? ????????????. ^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]}

????????, ????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? 1945-? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????????. 1945 ???????? 6 ??, ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????-??? ?????? (???? ???? " ??????? ???? ") ????????????????. ?????? ?????????? ????, ???????? 9 ??, ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? (???? ???? " ?????? ??? ") ????????????????. ? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? 200,000 ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????.

?????? ????????????????????? , ????????? ?????? (1949), ????????? ??????? (1952), ??????? (1960), ????????? ??????????? ??? ??? (1964) ????????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????. ??? ????????? ???????????????. 1974-? ????????? 1998-? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????????????. ???????? (1960 ??), ????? ????? (2006) ????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????. ??????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????. ^[7] 1980-???? ????????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ????????? (1990-??). ^{[8] [9]} ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????????. ^{[10] [11]}

?????? [ ????????? ]

1. ↑ 7 Possible Toxic Environments Following a Nuclear War ? The Medical Implications of Nuclear War 1985 ? The National Academies Press . 1986. doi : 10.17226/940 . ISBN   978-0-309-07866-5 . PMID   25032468 .
2. ↑ "nuclear winter" . Encyclopædia Britannica . August 2023.
3. ↑ Martin, Brian (December 1982). "The global health effects of nuclear war" . Current Affairs Bulletin . 59 (7).
4. ↑ "Critique of Nuclear Extinction ? Brian Martin 1982" .
5. ↑ "The Effects of a Global Thermonuclear War" . www.johnstonsarchive.net .
6. ↑ "Long-term worldwide effects of multiple nuclear-weapons detonations. Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Research Council,1975" .
7. ↑ Hersh, Seymour (1991). The Samson Option . Random House. p.  130 . ISBN   0-394-57006-5 .
8. ↑ Albright, David. "South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Program" . MIT.edu .
9. ↑ "South Africa: Why Countries Acquire and Abandon Nuclear Bombs" . World101 .
10. ↑ " "1945?1998" by Isao Hashimoto" . Archived from the original on 2018-07-06 . Retrieved 2015-03-16 .
11. ↑ "The Nuclear Testing Tally | Arms Control Association" . www.armscontrol.org .