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This template uses Lua : Module:Citation/CS1

The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, patent, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used. As with other citation templates, this template can be used either in a footnote (between <ref>...</ref> tags) or in a section that lists sources. This template uses the same Lua code as citation style 1 (CS1) templates with parameters to change the displayed format to citation style 2 (CS2) .

If the correct parameters are used, this template produces output identical to that of the Cite templates, such as {{ Cite book }} and {{ Cite web }}, with one important exception: By default, this Citation template uses commas in places where the Cite templates use periods (full stops) by default; either type of template can use periods (full stops) or commas by using an optional parameter. Also, this template by default generates anchors for Harvard references whereas the Cite templates by default do not (although they can be made to do so).

Regardless of which citation templates are used or even if none are used at all, all citations should have the same format throughout an article in the saved, rendered text.

Note: All parameter names must be lowercase .

Simple citations

This section covers the most commonly used parameters. You can copy the horizontal form or vertical form below and then add in extra parameters from the full list. Spacing and ordering of the parameters within the template is irrelevant and does not affect the final, rendered text.

{{Citation |last= |first= |year= |title= |publisher= |publication-place= |page= |url= |accessdate= }}

{{Citation
| last       =
| first      =
| year       =
| title      =
| publisher  =
| publication-place =
| page       =
| url        =
| accessdate =
}}

• last : The author's surname or last name. Don't use with the author parameter.
• first : The author's first or given name(s).
• year : Year of authorship or publication. Mandatory for use with links from Template:Harvard citation , unless |date= specifies both month and year.
• title : Title of the work. Mandatory for web references.
• publisher : The name of the publisher. Omit terms such as Publishers , Co. , Inc. , Ltd. , etc., but retain the words Books or Press . Not normally included where the publication is a periodical which has its own Wikipedia article (e.g. Newsweek , Billboard ).
  • publication-place (or place or location ): The city of publication. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office. Omit when the publication is a periodical whose name specifies the location (e.g. The New York Times , The Times of India )
• page : For use when one page is cited. Adds "p." before the page number. Do not use with pages .
• url : A url of an online location where the item can be found. If the url includes double quotes, these must be encoded as "%22".
  • accessdate : Date ^{[n ?]} when the url was accessed.

Example

{{Citation
| last      = Turner
| first     = Orsamus
| title     = History of the pioneer settlement of
Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve
| publisher = William Alling
| place     = Rochester, New York
| year      = 1851
| ol        = 7120924W
}}

Full citation parameters

These can be used for all types of publication except patents. All are optional and indentation is used simply to group related items ? these may be mutually exclusive where indicated. Some hyphenated names can also be placed without hyphens.

{{Citation
| author  =
| last    =
| first   =
| author2 =
| last2   =
| first2  =
| author-link  =
| author2-link =
| author-separator =
| author-name-separator =
| author-mask =
| display-authors =
| editor        =
| editor-last   =
| editor-first  =
| editor2       =
| editor2-last  =
| editor2-first =
| editor-link   =
| editor2-link  =
| translator-last =
| translator-first =
| translator-link = 
| translator2-last =
| translator2-first =
| translator2-link =
| others   =
| publication-date =
| date     =
| year     =
| origyear =
| title    =
| chapter  =
| chapter-url  =
| chapter-format  =
| contribution =
| contribution-url =
| type    =
| journal =
| periodical =
| newspaper  =
| magazine   =
| work =
| edition =
| series  =
| volume  =
| issue   =
| publisher =
| publication-place =
| place    =
| language =
| page  =
| pages =
| nopp  =
| at   =
| id   =
| isbn =
| issn =
| oclc =
| pmid =
| pmc  =
| bibcode =
| doi =
| doi_inactivedate =
| zbl =
| url =
| accessdate  =
| format      =
| archiveurl  =
| archivedate =
| dead-url    =
| quote      =
| layurl =
| laysource  =
| laydate    =
| separator  =
| postscript =
| ref =
}}

Parameters

Syntax

?????:Citation Style documentation/syntax

?????:Citation Style documentation/sep comma

COinS

?????:Citation Style documentation/coins

Deprecated

?????:Citation Style documentation/deprecated

Description

Authors

?????:Citation Style documentation/author

Editors

?????:Citation Style documentation/editor

Title

?????:Citation Style documentation/title ?????:Citation Style documentation/chapter ?????:Citation Style documentation/type ?????:Citation Style documentation/language

Date

• date : Date of source being referenced. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations. ^{[date ?]} Required when year is used to disambiguate {{ sfn }} links to multiple-work citations by the same author in the same year. ^[more] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after publisher. For acceptable date formats, see Help:Citation Style 1 § Dates .

For approximate year, precede with " c. ", like this: |date=c. 1900 .

For no date, or "undated", add as |date=n.d.

• year : Year of source being referenced. Use of |date= is recommended unless all of the following conditions are met:
  1. The template uses |ref=harv , or the template is {{ citation }} , or |mode=cs2
  2. The |date= format is YYYY-MM-DD.
  3. The citation requires a CITEREF disambiguator .
• orig-year : Original publication year; displays after the date or year. For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: |orig-year=First published 1859 or |orig-year=Composed 1904 . Alias: origyear
• df : date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates. Accepts one value which may be one of these:

  dmy ? set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;

  mdy ? as above for month day, year format

  ymd ? as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD

  dmy-all ? set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;

  mdy-all ? as above for month day, year format

  ymd-all ? as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD

Periodical

?????:Citation Style documentation/journal

Publisher

?????:Citation Style documentation/publisher

Edition, series, volume

?????:Citation Style documentation/edition ?????:Citation Style documentation/series ?????:Citation Style documentation/volume

In-source locations

?????:Citation Style documentation/pages

URL

?????:Citation Style documentation/url

Chapter URL

?????:Citation Style documentation/chapterurl

Anchor

?????:Citation Style documentation/ref2

Identifiers

?????:Citation Style documentation/id1 ?????:Citation Style documentation/id2

Quote

?????:Citation Style documentation/quote

Laysummary

?????:Citation Style documentation/lay

Display options

?????:Citation Style documentation/display

Subscription or registration required

?????:Citation Style documentation/registration

Examples

Books

{{Citation
| last1  = Lincoln
| first1 = A.
| last2  = Washington
| first2 = G.
| last3  = Adams
| first3 = J.
| lastauthoramp = yes
| title     = All the Presidents' Names
| publisher = The Pentagon
| place     = Home Base, New York
| volume  = XII
| edition = 2nd
| year    = 2007
}}

Web

{{Citation
| url   = http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/
| title = NPS Focus
| work  = National Register of Historic Places
| publisher  = [[National Park Service]]
| accessdate = November 30, 2010
| ref = none
}}

{{Citation
| url = http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html
| title = Earth's Atmosphere
| accessdate = October 25, 2007
| publisher  = [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]
| year   = 1995
| author = NASA
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071013232332/http://
liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html
| archivedate = October 13, 2007
}}

Journals, newspapers, magazines, or other periodicals

{{Citation
| last  = Hill
| first = Marvin S.
| title = Joseph Smith and the 1826
Trial: New Evidence and New
Difficulties
| journal = BYU Studies
| volume  = 12
| issue   = 2
| year    = 1976
| pages   = 1?8
| url     = https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf
}}

{{Citation
| last1  = Mandelkern
| first1 = M,
| last2  = Elias
| first2 = J,
| last3  = Eden
| first3 = D,
| last4  = Crothers
| first4 = D
| display-authors = 2
| title   = The dimensions of DNA in solution
| journal = J Mol Biol
| volume  = 152
| issue   = 1
| pages   = 153?161
| year    = 1981
| pmid    = 7338906
| doi     = 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1
}}

{{Citation
| last  = Smith
| first = Joseph III
| author-link = Joseph Smith III
| title = Last Testimony of Sister Emma
| newspaper = The Saints' Herald
| publication-place = Plano, IL
| volume = 26
| issue  = 19
| date   = October 1, 1879

| page   = 289
| url    = http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/
IL/sain1872.htm#100179
}}

Conference papers and public lectures

{{Citation
| last   = Sullivan
| first  = D.B.
| contribution = Time and frequency measurement
 at NIST: The first 100 years
| year   = 2001
| title  = 2001 IEEE Int'l Frequency Control Symp.
| publisher = National Institute of Standards and Technology
| contribution-url = http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/1485.pdf
| chapter-format = PDF
}}

{{Citation
| last   = Habicht
| first  = Christian
| contribution = Hellenistic Athens and her Philosophers
| year   = 1988
| title  = David Magie Lecture, Princeton University Program in the History, Archaeology, and Religions of the Ancient World
| publisher = Princeton University
| page=14 
}}

Parts of books, including encyclopedia articles

{{Citation
| last  = Bidamon
| first = Emma Smith
| author-link = Emma Hale Smith
| chapter = Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim
| date = March 27, 1876
| editor-last  = Vogel
| editor-first = Dan
| title  = Early Mormon Documents
| volume = 1
| publisher = Signature Books
| publication-date = 1996
| isbn = 1-56085-072-8
}}

{{Citation
| editor-last  = Vogel
| editor-first = Dan
| title  = Early Mormon Documents
| volume = 1
| publisher = Signature Books
| publication-date = 1996
| isbn = 1-56085-072-8
}}

{{Citation
| last  = Kramer
| first = Martin
| author-link  = Martin Kramer
| year=1999
| title = Bernard Lewis
| editor-last  = Boyd
| editor-first = Kelley
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
| volume = 1
| pages  = 719?720
| location = London
| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
| url = http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm
}}

{{Citation
| title = Bernard Lewis
| editor-last = Boyd
| editor-first = Kelley
| year = 1999
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Historians
and Historical Writing
| volume = 1
| pages = 719?720
| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
| location = London
| url = http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm
}}

Republications, or edited quotations in a periodical article

{{Citation
| last = Knight
| first = Joseph, Sr.
| year = 1833
| editor-last = Jessee
| editor-first = Dean
| title = Joseph Knight's Recollection
of Early Mormon History
| journal = BYU Studies
| volume = 17
| issue = 1
| publication-date = 1976
| page = 35
| url = https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf
}}

{{Citation
| last = Klingensmith
| first = Philip
| type = Affidavit
| date = September 5, 1872
| place = Lincoln County, Nevada
| title = Mountain Meadows Massacre
| editor-last = Toohy
| editor-first = Dennis J.
| journal = Corinne Daily Reporter
| publication-date = September 24, 1872
| publication-place = Corinne, Utah
| volume = 5
| issue = 252
| page = 1
| url = http://udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/corinne,5359
}}

Press release

{{Citation
| url = http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/04/05ipad.html
| title = Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day
| publisher = Apple Inc
| accessdate = April 10, 2010
| quote = in the US as of midnight Saturday, April 3
| ref = none}}

Citing patents

Parameters (all are optional)

{{Citation
| inventor-last =
| inventor-first =
| inventorlink =
| inventor2-last =
| inventor2-first =
| inventorlink2 =
| publication-date =
| issue-date =
| title =
| country-code =
| description =
| patent-number =
| ref =
}}

Examples

{{Citation
| inventor1-last = Degermark
| inventor1-first = Mikael
| inventor2-last = Brodnik
| inventor2-first = Andrej
| inventor3-last = Carlsson
| inventor3-first = Svante
| inventor4-last = Pink
| inventor4-first = Stephen
| title = Fast routing lookup system
using complete prefix tree, bit vector,
and pointers in a routing table for
determining where to route IP datagrams
| issue-date = 2001
| patent-number = 6266706
| country-code = US}}

Anchored citations

This template can generate a citation that can be combined with shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing . It does this by creating an HTML anchor containing an ID. The special parameter |ref=harv generates an ID suitable for Harvard referencing templates such as {{ harv }} as specified in the next section; this is the default for the {{ citation }} template.

To disable anchor generation, specify |ref=none (in contrast, other Cite templates such as {{ cite book }} and {{ cite news }} do not create an anchor by default). You can also specify the ID directly, using the |ref= ID parameter. For example, suppose an article's References section contains the markup:

• {{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=Civilization and Its Discontents |year=1930 |ref=CivDis}}

which generates the citation:

• Sigmund Freud (1930), Civilization and Its Discontents

Then, the markup " ([[#CivDis|Freud 1930]]) " generates a parenthetical reference "( Freud 1930 )" containing a wikilink to the citation (try clicking on the wikilink).

Anchors for Harvard referencing templates

IDs compatible with Harvard referencing templates such as {{ harv }} are computed from the last names of the authors and the year of the cited source. For example, the markup " {{harv|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}} " generates the Harvard reference "( Wright & Evans 1851 , p. ix)", which wikilinks to the citation whose markup and appearance are shown below:

• {{Citation |last1=Wright |first1=Thomas |last2=Evans |first2=R. H. |title=Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray |location=London |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |year=1851 |oclc=59510372}}
• Wright, Thomas; Evans, R. H. (1851), Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray , London: Henry G. Bohn, OCLC   59510372

In this example the {{ citation }} template defines, and the {{ harv }} template uses, the HTML ID " CITEREFWrightEvans1851 ", composed by concatenating the string " CITEREF " with the last names of the authors and the year. The {{ harvid }} template can be used to generate such IDs, for example, {{harvid|Wright|Evans|1851}} generates " CITEREFWrightEvans1851 ".

Related methods which leave only a number in the text are to use the {{ harvnb }} template enclosed in the <ref></ref> html code, or to use the {{ sfn }} template alone. The example above would be <ref>{{harvnb|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}</ref> or {{sfn|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}} both of which generate a footnote, such as

17. Wright & Evans 1851 , p. ix

The names of only the first four authors are used; other author names are not concatenated to the ID. If no author names are given, editor names are used instead. For patents , inventor names are used instead of authors or editors. If these names are not given, this template does not generate an anchor.

Last names are used, as specified by the parameters |last1= (or |last= ), |last2= , |last3= , and |last4= , and similarly for |editor1-last= etc. and for |inventor1-last= etc. If a full name is given but no last name is specified, this template falls back on the full name, but this usage is not recommended. For example, in " {{Citation | author = Sigmund Freud | title = The Ego and the Id | year = 1923}} " no last name is given, so this citation cannot be combined with the Harvard reference " {{harv|Freud|1923}} ". To make these {{ citation }} and {{ harv }} invocations compatible, either replace " |author=Sigmund Freud " with " |first=Sigmund |last=Freud ", or add " |ref={{harvid|Freud|1923}} " to the {{ citation }} invocation, or add the same ref parameter (say, " |ref=EgoId ") to both the {{ citation }} and the {{ harv }} invocations.

Similarly, the year is used, as specified by |year= . If no year is given, this template attempts to derive the year from |date= (or, if no date is given, from |publication-date= ) by applying the MediaWiki § Time function . This heuristic works with many common date formats (American, International and ISO 8601 standard format YYYY-MM-DD as listed in WP:MOS ), but may not work as expected with other formats, so when in doubt it may be safer to use |year= . Note that if only a year, say 2005, is known you must use |year=2005 rather than |date=2005 .

IDs must be unique

Names, years, and hand-specified IDs must be chosen so that the IDs are unique within a page; otherwise the HTML will not conform to the W3C standards, and any references to the citations will not work reliably. For example, suppose a page contains the following two citations with {{ harv }}-compatible IDs:

• Montes, G.; Halterman, J. S. (2008a), "Association of Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders and Loss of Family Income" , Pediatrics , 121 (4): e821?e826, doi : 10.1542/peds.2007-1594 , PMID   18381511

• Montes, G.; Halterman, J. S. (2008b), "Child Care Problems and Employment Among Families with Preschool-aged Children with Autism in the United States" , Pediatrics , 122 (1): e202?e208, doi : 10.1542/peds.2007-3037 , PMID   18595965

If these citations were altered to say "2008" rather than "2008a" and "2008b", the resulting page would not work, because the two different citations would both attempt to use the ID " CITEREFMontesHalterman2008 ". To avoid this problem, distinguish the citations by appending suffixes to the years, e.g. " |year=2008a " and " |year=2008b ", as was done above. Any Harvard references to these citations should use years with the same suffixes.

It is good practice to verify that a page does not contain duplicate IDs by using the W3C Markup Validation Service ; see External links .

Dates

Tools

See Wikipedia:Citing sources § Citation templates and tools for a list of tools that can help create a reference in the "citation" format.

TemplateData

This template data section needs to be edited. It includes deprecated parameters and does not include parameters that were added in the Lua updates. It also includes a mix of patent and non-patent parameters.

?????:UF-COinS

See also

• Wikipedia:Citation templates
• Wikipedia:Inline citation
• Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing
• For a comparison of citations using templates with citations written freehand, see Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods § Footnotes

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