한국   대만   중국   일본 
Gas-Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements | SpringerLink
Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gas-Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements

Abstract

This chapter summarizes gas chemical studies of transactinides using two approaches, gas thermochromatography and isothermal gas chromatography. Both techniques enabled successful chemical studies of the transactinides, rutherfordium ( Z ?=?104, Rf) , dubnium ( Z ?=?105, Db), seaborgium ( Z ?=?106, Sg), bohrium ( Z ?=?107, Bh), hassium ( Z ?=?108; Hs), copernicium ( Z ?=?112, Cn), and the recently named flerovium ( Z ?=?114, Fl). Typically, these chemical investigations were performed one-atom-at-a-time with a total of less than 20 atoms. For their synthesis, hot heavy-ion fusion reactions with actinide targets were used. The elements Rf through Hs show the typical behavior of d-elements, representing the expected trend within their respective group of the Periodic Table. The chemical species investigated were volatile halides, oxyhalides, oxide hydroxides, and oxides. The elements copernicium and flerovium were studied in their elemental state.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
EUR 29.95
Price includes VAT (Korea(Rep.))
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
EUR 160.49
Price includes VAT (Korea(Rep.))
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
EUR 199.99
Price excludes VAT (Korea(Rep.))
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
EUR 199.99
Price excludes VAT (Korea(Rep.))
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. 1.

    Due to an erroneous assignment of mass numbers and decay properties in the physics discovery experiment [ 37 ], it was believed that also in the chemistry experiments two different isotopes of Sg, namely 265 Sg and 266 Sg were observed [ 36 , 38 , 39 ]. After, the discovery of 270 Hs (the α-decay mother of 266 Sg) it became evident, that all decay chains observed in the Sg chemistry experiments are due to 265 Sg only [ 13 , 14 ]. There is now conclusive evidence for two isomeric states in 265 Sg [ 40 ]. 265 Sg a decays with a half-life of about 9?s preferentially to 261 Rf a , which further decays by α-particle emission and a half-life of 68?s to 257 No, whereas 265 Sg b with a half-life of about 14?s decays preferentially to 261 Rf b , which undergoes spontaneous fission with a half-life of about 3?s [ 40 , 41 ]. Both states are formed in the direct synthesis reaction 248 Cm( 22 Ne,5n) 265 Sg a,b . See detailed discussion in Sect. 6.5 and Fig.? 31 .

  2. 2.

    In the original publication, the decay chains were erroneously attributed to 266 Sg. However, this does not affect the significance of the observation of Sg or the interpretation of the chemical result.

References

  1. Zvara, I., Chuburkov, Y.T., Caletka, R., Shalaevski, M.R., Shilov, B.V.: Chemical properties of element 104. J. Nucl. Energy 21 , 601?603 (1967)

    Google Scholar  

  2. Even, J., Yakushev, A., Dullmann, C.E., Dvorak, J., Eichler, R., Gothe, O., Hild, D., Jager, E., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kratz, J.V., Krier, J., Niewisch, L., Nitsche, H., Pysmenetska, I., Schadel, M., Schausten, B., Turler, A., Wiehl, N., Wittwer, D.: Rapid synthesis of radioactive transition-metal carbonyl complexes at ambient conditions. Inorg. Chem. 51 , 6431?6433 (2012)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  3. Keller, O.L.: Chemistry of the heavy actinides and light transactinides. Radiochim. Acta 37 , 169?180 (1984)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  4. Johnson, E., Fricke, B., Keller, O.L., Nestor, C.W., Tucker, T.C.: Ionization-potentials and radii of atoms and ions of element 104 (Unnilquadium) and of Hafnium(2? \(+\) ) derived from multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations. J. Chem. Phys. 93 , 8041?8050 (1990)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  5. Zhuikov, B.L., Chuburkov, Y.T., Timokhin, S.N., Jin, K.U., Zvara, I.: Is element-104 (Kurchatovium) a P-element. 1. Chromatography of atoms with hydrogen as carrier gas. Radiochim. Acta 46 , 113?116 (1989)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  6. Eliav, E., Kaldor, U., Ishikawa, Y.: Ground-state electron configuration of Rutherfordium?role of dynamic correlation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 , 1079?1082 (1995)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  7. Morozov, A.I., Karlova, E.V.: Physico-chemical properties of anhydous Zirconium and Hafnium oxychlorides. Zh. Neorg. Khim. 16 , 25 (1971)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  8. Zvara, I., Belov, V.Z., Chelnokov, L.P., Domanov, V.P., Hussonois, M., Korotkin, Y.S., Schegolev, V.A., Shalayevsky, M.R.: Chemical separation of kurchatovium. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 7 , 1109?1116 (1971)

    Google Scholar  

  9. Turler, A.: Gas phase chemistry of the transactinide elements Rutherfordium, Dubnium, and Seaborgium. Universitat Bern, Habilitationsschrift (1999)

    Google Scholar  

  10. Zvara, I., Timokhin, S.N., Chuburkov, Y.T., Domanov, V.P., Gorski, B.: Comparative study of the chlorides and bromides of element 104 with Hf(Zr) by thermochromatography. In: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Scientific Report 1989?1990, vol. E7-91-75, pp. 34-35. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna (1991)

    Google Scholar  

  11. Gaggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Baltensperger, U., Weber, A., Kovacs, A., Vermeulen, D., Turler, A.: OLGA II, an on-line gas chemistry apparatus for applications in heavy element research. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 309 , 201?208 (1991)

    Google Scholar  

  12. Kadkhodayan, B., Turler, A., Gregorich, K.E., Nurmia, M.J., Lee, D.M., Hoffman, D.C.: The heavy element volatility instrument (Hevi). Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 317 , 254?261 (1992)

    Google Scholar  

  13. Dullmann, C.E., Turler, A.: 248 Cm( 22 Ne, x n) 270- x Sg reaction and the decay properties of 265 Sg reexamined. Phys. Rev. C 77 , 064320(10) (2008)

    Google Scholar  

  14. Dullmann, C.E., Turler, A.: Erratum: 248 Cm( 22 Ne, xn) 270-x Sg reaction and the decay properties of 265 Sg reexamined. [Phys. Rev. C 77, 064320 (2008)] Phys. Rev. C 78 , 029901(E) (2008)

    Google Scholar  

  15. Kadkhodayan, B., Turler, A., Gregorich, K.E., Baisden, P.A., Czerwinski, K.R., Eichler, B., Gaggeler, H.W., Hamilton, T.M., Jost, D.T., Kacher, C.D., Kovacs, A., Kreek, S.A., Lane, M.R., Mohar, M.F., Neu, M.P., Stoyer, N.J., Sylwester, E.R., Lee, D.M., Nurmia, M.J., Seaborg, G.T., Hoffman, D.C.: On-line gas chromatographic studies of chlorides of rutherfordium and homologs Zr and Hf. Radiochim. Acta 72 , 169?178 (1996)

    Google Scholar  

  16. Turler, A., Gaggeler, H.W., Gregorich, K.E., Barth, H., Bruchle, W., Czerwinski, K.R., Gober, M.K., Hannink, N.J., Henderson, R.A., Hoffman, D.C., Jost, D.T., Kacher, C.D., Kadkhodayan, B., Kovacs, J., Kratz, J.V., Kreek, S.A., Lee, D.M., Leyba, J.D., Nurmia, M.J., Schadel, M., Scherer, U., Schimpf, E., Vermeulen, D., Weber, A., Zimmerman, H.P., Zvara, I.: Gas phase chromatography of halides of elements 104 and 105. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Art. 160 , 327?339 (1992)

    Google Scholar  

  17. Sylwester, E.R., Gregorich, K.E., Lee, D.M., Kadkhodayan, B., Turler, A., Adams, J.L., Kacher, C.D., Lane, M.R., Laue, C.A., McGrath, C.A., Shaughnessy, D.A., Strellis, D.A., Wilk, P.A., Hoffman, D.C.: On-line gas chromatographic studies of Rf, Zr, and Hf bromides. Radiochim. Acta 88 , 837?843 (2000)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  18. Domanov, V.P., Zin, K.U.: Thermochromatographic study on chlorination products from traces of Zr, Hf, and Nb in the presence of oxygen. Sov. Radiochem. 31 , 160?163 (1989)

    Google Scholar  

  19. Eichler, B., Zvara, I.: Evaluation of the enthalpy of adsorption from thermochromatographical data. Radiochim. Acta 30 , 233?238 (1982)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  20. Zvara, I.: Simulation of thermochromatographic processes by the Monte Carlo method. Radiochim. Acta 38 , 95?101 (1985)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  21. Gregorich, K.E.: Radiochemistry of Rutherfordium and Hahnium. In: Proceedings of The Robert A. Welch Foundation, 41st Conference of Chemical Research?The Transactinide Elements, Houston, Texas, 27?28 October 1997, pp. 95?124. The Robert A. Welch Foundation, Houston (1997)

    Google Scholar  

  22. Turler, A., Buklanov, G.V., Eichler, B., Gaggeler, H.W., Grantz, M., Huberner, S., Jost, D.T., Lebedev, V.Y., Piguet, D., Timokhin, S.N., Yakushev, A., Zvara, I.: Evidence for relativistic effects in the chemistry of element 104. J. Alloys Compd. 271?273 , 287?291 (1998)

    Google Scholar  

  23. Qin, Z., Lin, M.S., Fan, F.L., Huang, W.X., Yan, X.L., Bai, J., Wu, X.L., Lei, F.A., Ding, H.J., Ma, F., Li, G.S., Zhou, H.B., Guo, J.S.: On-line gas chromatographic studies of Nb, Ta, and Db bromides. Radiochim. Acta 100 , 285?289 (2012)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  24. Zvara, I., Belov, V.Z., Korotkin, Y.S., Shalaevski, M.R., Shchegolev, V.A., Hussonnois, M., Zager, B.A.: Experiments on chemical identification of spontaneously fissionable isotope of element 105. In: Dubna Report P12-5120, p. 13. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, (1970)

    Google Scholar  

  25. Zvara, I., Belov, V.Z., Domanov, V.P., Shalaevski, M.R.: Chemical isolation of Nielsbohrium and Ekatantalum in the form of the anhydrous Bromide II. Experiments with a spontaneously fissioning isotope of Nielsbohrium. Sov. Radiochem. 18 , 328?334 (1976)

    Google Scholar  

  26. Turler, A.: Gas phase chemistry experiments with transactinide elements. Radiochim. Acta 72 , 7?17 (1996)

    Google Scholar  

  27. Gaggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Kovacs, J., Scherer, U.W., Weber, A., Vermeulen, D., Turler, A., Gregorich, K.E., Henderson, R.A., Czerwinski, K.R., Kadkhodayan, B., Lee, D.M., Nurmia, M., Kratz, J.V., Gober, M.K., Zimmerman, H.P., Schadel, M., Bruchle, W., Schimpf, E., Zvara, I.: Gas phase chromatography experiments with bromides of tantalum and element 105. Radiochim. Acta 57 , 93?100 (1992)

    Google Scholar  

  28. Pershina, V., Sepp, W.-D., Fricke, B., Kolb, D., Schadel, M., Ionova, G.V.: Relativistic effects in physics and chemistry of element 105. II. Electronic structure and properties of group 5 bromides. J. Chem. Phys. 97 , 1116?1122 (1992)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  29. Pershina, V., Sepp, W.-D., Bastug, T., Fricke, B., Ionova, G.V.: Relativistic effects in physics and chemistry of element 105. III. Electronic structure of hahnium oxyhalides as analogs of group 5 elements oxyhalides. J. Chem. Phys. 97 , 1123?1131 (1992)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  30. Pershina, V., Anton, J.: Theoretical predictions of properties and gas-phase chromatography behaviour of bromides of group-5 elements Nb, Ta, and element 105, Db (vol. 136, 034308, 2012). J. Chem. Phys. 136 , 034308(7) (2012)

    Google Scholar  

  31. Kadkhodayan, B.: On-line gas chromatographic studies of Rutherfordium (element 104), Hahnium (element 105), and Homologs. In Report LBL-33961, p. 150. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley (1993)

    Google Scholar  

  32. Timokhin, S., Yakushev, A.B., Honggui, X., Perelygin, V.P., Zvara, I.: Chemical identification of element 106 by the thermochromatographic method. In: Oganessian, Y.T., Penionzhkevich, Y.E., Kalpakchieva, R. (eds.) International School-Seminar on Heavy Ion Physics, 10?15 May 1993, pp. 204?206. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna (1993)

    Google Scholar  

  33. Yakushev, A.B., Timokhin, S.N., Vedeneev, M.V., Honggui, X., Zvara, I.: Comparative study of oxochlorides of molybdenum, tungsten and element 106. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 205 , 63?67 (1996)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  34. Timokhin, S.N., Yakushev, A.B., Xu, H., Perelygin, V.P., Zvara, I.: Chemical identification of element 106 by thermochromatography. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 212 , 31?34 (1996)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  35. Zvara, I., Yakushev, A.B., Timokhin, S.N., Honggui, X., Perelygin, V.P., Chuburkov, Y.T.: Chemical identification of element 106 (thermochromatography of oxochlorides). Radiochim. Acta 81 , 179?187 (1998)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  36. Schadel, M., Bruchle, W., Dressler, R., Eichler, B., Gaggeler, H.W., Gunther, R., Gregorich, K.E., Hoffman, D.C., Hubener, S., Jost, D.T., Kratz, J.V., Paulus, W., Schumann, D., Timokhin, S., Trautmann, N., Turler, A.: Chemical properties of element 106 (seaborgium). Nature 388 , 55?57 (1997)

    Google Scholar  

  37. Lazarev, Y.A., Lobanov, Y.V., Oganessian, Y.T., Utyonkov, V.K., Abdullin, F.S., Buklanov, G.V., Gikal, B.N., Iliev, S., Mezentsev, A.N., Polyakov, A.N., Sedykh, I.M., Shirokovsky, I.V., Subbotin, V.G., Sukhov, A.M., Tsyganov, Y.S., Zhuchko, V.E., Lougheed, R.W., Moody, K.J., Wild, J.F., Hulet, E.K., McQuaid, J.H.: Discovery of enhanced nuclear stability near the deformed shells N?=?162 and Z?=?108. Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 , 624?627 (1994)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  38. Turler, A., Bruchle, W., Dressler, R., Eichler, B., Eichler, R., Gaggeler, H.W., Gartner, M., Glatz, J.-P., Gregorich, K.E., Hubener, S., Jost, D.T., Lebedev, V.Y., Pershina, V.G., Schadel, M., Taut, S., Timokhin, S.N., Trautmann, N., Vahle, A., Yakushev, A.B.: First measurement of a thermochemical property of a seaborgium compound. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 , 2212?2213 (1999)

    Google Scholar  

  39. Hubener, S., Taut, S., Vahle, A., Dressler, R., Eichler, B., Gaggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Piguet, D., Turler, A., Bruchle, W., Jager, E., Schadel, M., Schimpf, E., Kirbach, U., Trautmann, N., Yakushev, A.B.: Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide. Radiochim. Acta 89 , 737?741 (2001)

    Google Scholar  

  40. Haba, H., Kaji, D., Kudou, Y., Morimoto, K., Morita, K., Ozeki, K., Sakai, R., Sumita, T., Yoneda, A., Kasamatsu, Y., Komori, Y., Shinohara, A., Kikunaga, H., Kudo, H., Nishio, K., Ooe, K., Sato, N., Tsukada, K.: Production of 265 Sg in the 248 Cm( 22 Ne,5n) 265 Sg reaction and decay properties of two isomeric states in 265 Sg. Phys. Rev. C 85 , 024611(11) (2012)

    Google Scholar  

  41. Haba, H., Kaji, D., Kikunaga, H., Kudou, Y., Morimoto, K., Morita, K., Ozeki, K., Sumita, T., Yoneda, A., Kasamatsu, Y., Komori, Y., Ooe, K., Shinohara, A.: Production and decay properties of the 1.9-s isomeric state in 261 Rf. Phys. Rev. C 83 , 034602(7) (2011)

    Google Scholar  

  42. Knacke, O., Kubaschewski, O., Hesselmann, K. (eds.): Thermochemical Properties of Inorganic Substances, vol. II. Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1991)

    Google Scholar  

  43. Vahle, A., Hubener, S., Dressler, R., Eichler, B., Turler, A.: Reaction gas chromatography of oxide and hydroxide species of molybdenum?simulation and experiment. Radiochim. Acta 78 , 53?57 (1997)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  44. Vahle, A., Hubener, S., Funke, H., Eichler, B., Jost, D.T., Turler, A., Bruchle, W., Jager, E.: Gas chromatographic studies of oxide and hydroxide species of tungsten?model experiments with respect to the physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium (element 106). Radiochim. Acta 84 , 43?51 (1999)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  45. Even, J.: Developments for transactinide chemistry experiments behind the gas-filled separator TASCA. PhD-thesis. Universitatsbibliothek Mainz (2011)

    Google Scholar  

  46. Zvara, I., Eichler, B., Belov, V.Z., Zvarova, T.S., Korotkin, Y.S., Shalaevski, M.R., Shchegolev, V.A., Hussonnois, M.: Gas chromatography and thermochromatography in the study of transuranium elements. Sov. Radiochem. 16 , 709?715 (1974)

    Google Scholar  

  47. Helas, G., Hoffmann, P., Bachmann, K.: Investigation of Mo-Chlorides and W-Chlorides and Ocychlorides by thermochromatography. Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett. 30 , 371?380 (1977)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  48. Bayar, B., Votsilka, I., Zaitseva, N.G., Novgorodov, A.F.: Rapid gas-thermochromato-graphic isolation of neutron-deficient isotopes of molybdenum from silver chloride. Sov. Radiochem. 20 , 64?69 (1978)

    Google Scholar  

  49. Tsalas, S., Bachmann, K.: Inorganic gas chromatography?the separation of volatile chlorides by thermochromatorgraphy combined with complex formation. Anal. Chim. Acta 98 , 17?24 (1978)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  50. Rudolph, J., Bachmann, K., Steffen, A., Tsalas, S.: Inorganic gas-chromatography at high-temperatures. Mikrochim. Acta 1 , 471?481 (1978)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  51. Rudolph, J., Bachmann, K.: Use of radionuclides for determination of adsorption-isotherms of volatile chlorides. J. Radioanal. Chem. 43 , 113?120 (1978)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  52. Rudolph, J., Bachmann, K.: Gas-chromatography apparatus for the investigation and separation of radioactively labeled inorganic-compounds at high-temperatures. Mikrochim. Acta 1 , 477?493 (1979)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  53. Tsalas, S., Bachmann, K., Heinlein, G.: The application of non-analytical radio gas-chromatography for the determination of adsorption enthalpies and entropies of inorganic bromides. Radiochim. Acta 29 , 217?221 (1981)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  54. Gartner, M., Boettger, M., Eichler, B., Gaggeler, H.W., Grantz, M., Hubener, S., Jost, D.T., Piguet, D., Dressler, R., Turler, A., Yakushev, A.B.: On-line gas chromatography of Mo, W and U (oxy)chlorides. Radiochim. Acta 78 , 59?68 (1997)

    Google Scholar  

  55. Lebedev, V.Y., Yakushev, A.B., Timokhin, S.N., Vedeneev, M.B., Zvara, I.: Chemical state of molybdenum, tungsten and element 106 in chlorinating gases. Czech J. Phys. 49 , 589?595 (1999)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  56. Dullmann, C.E., Turler, A., Eichler, B., Gaggeler, H.W.: Thermochromatographic investigation of ruthenium with oxygen as carrier gas. In: 1st International Conference on Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements, Seeheim, Germany, pp. P-M-13, 26?30 September 1999

    Google Scholar  

  57. Turler, A., Dressler, R., Eichler, B., Gaggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Schadel, M., Bruchle, W., Gregorich, K.E., Trautmann, N., Taut, S.: Decay properties of 265 Sg(Z?=?106) and 266 Sg(Z?=?106). Phys. Rev. C 57 , 1648?1655 (1998)

    Google Scholar  

  58. Vahle, A., Hubener, S., Dressler, R., Grantz, M.: Development of an apparatus for seaborgium studies by high temperature gas chromatography. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 481 , 637?645 (2002)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  59. Zvara, I., Domanov, V.P., Hubener, S., Shalaevskii, M.R., Timokhin, S.N., Zhuikov, B.L., Eichler, B., Buklanov, G.V.: Experimental approach to the chemical-identification of element-107 as Eka-Rhenium.2. Search for spontaneously fissile isotopes of element-107 in the products of the reaction Bk-249? \(+\) ?Ne-22 by the method of chromathermography. Sov. Radiochem. 26 , 72?76 (1984)

    Google Scholar  

  60. Schadel, M., Jager, E., Bruchle, W., Summerer, K., Hulet, E.K., Wild, J.F., Lougheed, R.W., Dougan, R.J., Moody, K.J.: Radiochemical search for neutron-rich isotopes of Nielsbohrium in the 16 O? \(+\)  254 Es reaction. Radiochim. Acta 68 , 7?12 (1995)

    Google Scholar  

  61. Wilk, P.A., Gregorich, K.E., Turler, A., Laue, C.A., Eichler, R., Ninov, V., Adams, J.L., Kirbach, U.W., Lane, M.R., Lee, D.M., Patin, J.B., Shaughnessy, D.A., Strellis, D.A., Nitsche, H., Hoffman, D.C.: Evidence for new isotopes of element 107: 266 Bh and 267 Bh. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 , 2697?2700 (2000)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  62. Eichler, R., Eichler, B., Gaggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Dressler, R., Turler, A.: The gas phase oxide and oxyhydroxide chemistry of trace amounts of rhenium. Radiochim. Acta 87 , 151?159 (1999)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  63. Eichler, R., Eichler, B., Gaggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Piguet, D., Turler, A.: Gas phase chemistry of technetium and rhenium oxychlorides. Radiochim. Acta 88 , 87?93 (2000)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  64. Eichler, R., Bruchle, W., Dressler, R., Dullmann, C.E., Eichler, B., Gaggeler, H.W., Gregorich, K.E., Hoffman, D.C., Hubener, S., Jost, D.T., Kirbach, U.W., Laue, C.A., Lavanchy, V.M., Nitsche, H., Patin, J.B., Piguet, D., Schadel, M., Shaughnessy, D.A., Strellis, D.A., Taut, S., Tobler, L., Tsyganov, Y.S., Turler, A., Vahle, A., Wilk, P.A., Yakushev, A.B.: Chemical characterization of bohrium (element 107). Nature 407 , 63?65 (2000)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  65. Merinis, J., Bouissieres, G.: Separation par Volatilisation des Radioisotopes de Mercure, de Platine, d’Iridium, d’Osmium et de Rhenium formee par Spallation dans une Cible d’Or. Anal. Chim. Acta 25 , 498?504 (1961)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  66. Schafer, H.: Chemische Transportreaktionen. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim (1962)

    Google Scholar  

  67. Bayar, B., Novgorodov, A.F., Zaitseva, N.G.: Rapid gas-thermochromatographic separation of radioactive elements. I. Production of radioactive Re isotopes. Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett. 15 , 231?242 (1973)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  68. Bayar, B., Votsilka, I., Zaitseva, N.G., Novgorodov, A.F.: Fast gas thermochromatographic method of isolating radioactive elements. II. Gold: universal target for express production of radioactive preparations of rhenium, osmium, iridium, and mercury. Sov. Radiochem. 16 , 333?338 (1974)

    Google Scholar  

  69. Bayar, B., Novgorodov, A.F., Vocilka, I., Zaitseva, N.G.: Rapid gas-thermochromatographic separation of radioactive elements. II. Gold as a universal target for the rapid production of radioactive Re, Os, Ir, and Hg isotopes. Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett. 19 , 43?53 (1974)

    Google Scholar  

  70. Eichler, B., Domanov, V.P.: Volatilization of radionuclides in air stream and their separation in temperature-gradient tube. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 28 , 143?152 (1975)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  71. Bayar, B., Vocilka, I., Zaitseva, N.G., Novgorodov, A.F.: Fast gas-thermochromatographic separation of radioactive elements. 5. Production of volatile Re oxides and hydroxides in Re-W System and their gas-thermochromatographic behavior. Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett. 34 , 75?87 (1978)

    Google Scholar  

  72. Adilbish, M., Zaitseva, N.G., Kovach, Z., Novgordov, A.F., Sergeev, Y.Y., Tikhonov, V.I.: Volatilization from molten gold and thermochromatographic separation of ultramicroquantities of rhenium and osmium ocides at low pressures of oxygen-containing gases. Sov. Radiochem. 20 , 652?662 (1978)

    Google Scholar  

  73. Steffen, A., Bachmann, K.: Gas chromatographic study of volatile oxides and hydroxides of Re, Tc, Os, Ru and Ir -II: thermochromatographic investigations. Talanta 25 , 677?683 (1978)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  74. Novgorodov, A.F., Adilbish, M., Zaitseva, N.G., Kovalev, A.S., Kovach, Z.: Behavior of nuclear reaction products upon sublimation from irradiated Ag and Au under a dynamic vacuum of 1?10 ?1 Pa for O 2 or H 2 O. Sov. Radiochem. 22 , 590?601 (1980)

    Google Scholar  

  75. Domanov, V.P., Hubener, S., Shalaevskii, M.R., Timokhin, S.N., Petrov, D.V., Zvara, I.: Experimental approach to the identification of element-107 as Ekarhenium.1. Continuous gas-thermochromatographic isolation of radiorhenium. Sov. Radiochem. 25 , 23?28 (1983)

    Google Scholar  

  76. Eichler, B.: The behaviour of radionuclides in gas adsorption chromatographic processes with superimposed chemical reactions (chlorides). Radiochim. Acta 72 , 19?26 (1996)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  77. Rosch, F., Novgorodov, A.F., Qaim, S.M.: Thermochromatographic separation of (99?m)Tc from enriched molybdenum targets and its large-scale production for nuclear medical application. Radiochim. Acta 64 , 113?120 (1994)

    Google Scholar  

  78. Novgorodov, A.F., Bruchertseifer, F., Brockmann, J., Lebedev, N.A., Rosch, F.: Thermochromatographic separation of no-carrier-added Re-186 or Re-188 from tungsten targets relevant to nuclear medical applications. Radiochim. Acta 88 , 163?167 (2000)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  79. Schadel, M., Jager, E., Schimpf, E., Bruchle, W.: Modeling a Nielsbohrium (element-107) online gas-phase separation procedure with rhenium. Radiochim. Acta 68 , 1?6 (1995)

    Google Scholar  

  80. Merinis, J., Bouissieres, G.: Migration of radioelements in a temperature gradient tube. Radiochim. Acta 12 , 140?152 (1969)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  81. Neidhart, B., Bachmann, K., Kramer, S., Link, I.: Selective separation of fission technetium using solid chlorides. Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett. 12 , 59?69 (1972)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  82. Pershina, V., Bastug, T.: The electronic structure and properties of group 7 oxychlorides MO 3 Cl, where M?=?Tc, Re, and element 107. Bh. J. Chem. Phys. 113 , 1441?1446 (2000)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  83. Eichler, R.: Die chemische Characterisierung des Transactinoids Bohrium (Bh, element 107). Ph.D. thesis, University of Bern, Switzerland (2000)

    Google Scholar  

  84. Munzenberg, G., Armbruster, P., Folger, H., Heßberger, F.P., Hofmann, S., Keller, J., Poppensieker, K., Reisdorf, W., Schmidt, K.H., Schott, H.J., Leino, M.E., Hingmann, R.: The identification of element-108. Z. Phys. A: Hadrons Nucl. 317 , 235?236 (1984)

    Google Scholar  

  85. Hofmann, S., Ninov, V., Heßberger, F.P., Armbruster, P., Folger, H., Munzenberg, G., Schott, H.J., Popeko, A.G., Yeremin, A.V., Saro, S., Janik, R., Leino, M.: The new element 112. Z. Phys. A: Hadrons Nucl. 354 , 229?230 (1996)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  86. Kratz, J.V.: Chemical properties of the transactinide elements. In: Greiner, W., Gupta, R.K. (eds.) Heavy Elements and Related New Phenomena, vol. 1, pp. 129?193. World Scientific, Singapore (1999)

    Google Scholar  

  87. Dullmann, C.E., Bruchle, W., Dressler, R., Eberhardt, K., Eichler, B., Eichler, R., Gaggeler, H.W., Ginter, T.N., Glaus, F., Gregorich, K.E., Hoffman, D.C., Jager, E., Jost, D.T., Kirbach, U.W., Lee, D.M., Nitsche, H., Patin, J.B., Pershina, V., Piguet, D., Qin, Z., Schadel, M., Schausten, B., Schimpf, E., Schott, H.J., Soverna, S., Sudowe, R., Thorle, P., Timokhin, S.N., Trautmann, N., Turler, A., Vahle, A., Wirth, G., Yakushev, A.B., Zielinski, P.M.: Chemical investigation of hassium (element 108). Nature 418 , 859?862 (2002)

    Google Scholar  

  88. Dvorak, J., Bruchle, W., Chelnokov, M., Dressler, R., Dullmann, C.E., Eberhardt, K., Gorshkov, V., Jager, E., Krucken, R., Kuznetsov, A., Nagame, Y., Nebel, F., Novackova, Z., Qin, Z., Schadel, M., Schausten, B., Schimpf, E., Semchenkov, A., Thorle, P., Turler, A., Wegrzecki, M., Wierczinski, B., Yakushev, A., Yeremin, A.: Doubly magic nucleus 270 Hs 162 . Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 , 242501(4) (2006)

    Google Scholar  

  89. Dvorak, J., Bruchle, W., Chelnokov, M., Dressler, R., Dullmann, C.E., Dvorakova, Z., Eberhardt, K., Jager, E., Krucken, R., Kuznetsov, A., Nagame, Y., Nebel, F., Nishio, K., Perego, R., Qin, Z., Schadel, M., Schausten, B., Schimpf, E., Schuber, R., Semchenkov, A., Thorle, P., Turler, A., Wegrzecki, M., Wierczinski, B., Yakushev, A., Yeremin, A.: Observation of the 3 n evaporation channel in the complete hot-fusion reaction 26 Mg? \(+\)  248 Cm leading to the new superheavy nuclide 271 Hs. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 132503(4) (2008)

    Google Scholar  

  90. Gundersen, G., Hedberg, K., Huston, J.L.: Molecular structure of xenon tetroxide, XeO 4 . J. Chem. Phys. 52 , 812?815 (1970)

    Google Scholar  

  91. Bachmann, K., Hoffmann, P.: Chemische Probleme bei der Darstellung uberschwerer Elemente durch Kernreaktionen. Radiochim. Acta 15 , 153?163 (1971)

    Google Scholar  

  92. Fricke, B.: Superheavy elements. A prediction of their chemical and physical properties. Struct. Bond. 21 , 89?144 (1975)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  93. Eichler, B.: Preparative thermo gas chromatographic separation of radionuclides in hydrogen and air carrier gas stream. Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett. 22 , 147?155 (1975)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  94. Domanov, V.P., Zvara, I.: Continuous-flow thermochromatographic separation of unsupported radioisotopes of platinum elements in a stream of air from nuclear-reaction products in an accelerator heavy-ion beam. Sov. Radiochem. 26 , 731?739 (1984)

    Google Scholar  

  95. Eichler, B., Zude, F., Fan, W., Trautmann, N., Herrmann, G.: Volatilization and deposition of ruthenium oxides in a temperature-gradient tube. Radiochim. Acta 56 , 133?140 (1992)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  96. Zude, F., Fan, W., Trautmann, N., Herrmann, G., Eichler, B.: Thermochromatography of platinum elements in oxygen?radiochemical studies of the behavior of rhodium, palladium, osmium and platinum. Radiochim. Acta 62 , 61?63 (1993)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  97. Zhuikov, B.L., Chepigin, V.I., Kruz, H., Ter-Akopian, G.M., Zvara, I.: Experiments for chemical isolation and detecting of spontaneously fissioning and α-active isotopes of element 108. Unpublished report, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna (1985)

    Google Scholar  

  98. Chepigin, V.I., Zhuikov, B.L., Ter-Akopian, G.M., Zvara, I.: In: Fizika tiazhelykh ionov?1985. Sbornik annotacii, p. 15. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna (1986)

    Google Scholar  

  99. Zhuikov, B.L., Kruz, H., Zvara, I.: In: Fizika tiazhelykh ionov?1985. Sbornik annotacii, p. 26. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna (1986)

    Google Scholar  

  100. Dougan, R.J., Moody, K.J., Lougheed, R.W., Wild, J.F., Bethune, G.R.: OSCAR: an apparatus for on-line gas-phase separations. In: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Annual Report FY87, vol. UCAR 10062/87, pp. 4?17. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore (1987)

    Google Scholar  

  101. Hulet, E.K., Moody, K.J., Lougheed, R.W., Wild, J.F., Dougan, R.J., Bethune, G.R.: Search for 272 109 in a new region of stability. In: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Annual Report FY87, vol. UCAR 10062/87, pp. 4?9. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore (1987)

    Google Scholar  

  102. von Zweidorf, A., Kratz, J.V., Trautmann, N., Schadel, M., Nahler, A., Jager, E., Schausten, B., Bruchle, W., Schimpf, E., Angert, R., Li, Z., Wirth, G.: The synthesis of volatile tetroxides of osmium and ruthenium. In: 1st International Confernence on Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements, Seeheim, Germany, pp. P-M-17, 16?30 September 1999

    Google Scholar  

  103. Yakushev, A.B., Vakatov, V.I., Vasko, V., Lebedev, V.Y., Timokhin, S.N., Tsyganov, Y.S., Zvara, I.: On-line experiments with short-lived osmium isotopes as a test of the chemical identification of the element 108?Hassium. In: 1st International Conference on Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements, Seeheim, Germany, p. P-M-17, 26-30 September 1999

    Google Scholar  

  104. Dullmann, C.E., Eichler, B., Eichler, R., Gaggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Piguet, D., Turler, A.: IVO, a device for in situ volatilization and on-line detection of products from heavy ion reactions. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 479 , 631?639 (2002)

    Google Scholar  

  105. Kirbach, U.W., Folden III, C.M., Ginter, T.N., Gregorich, K.E., Lee, D.M., Ninov, V., Omtvedt, J.P., Patin, J.B., Seward, N.K., Strellis, D.A.: The cryo-thermochromatographic separator (CTS): a new rapid separation and α-detection system for on-line chemical studies of highly volatile osmium and hassium (Z?=?108) tetroxides. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 484 , 587?594 (2002)

    Google Scholar  

  106. Dullmann, C.E., Eichler, B., Eichler, R., Gaggler, H.W., Turler, A.: On the stability and volatility of group 8 tetroxides, MO 4 (M?=?ruthenium, osmium, and hassium (Z?=?108)). J. Phys. Chem. B 106 , 6679?6684 (2002)

    Google Scholar  

  107. Pershina, V., Bastug, T., Fricke, B., Varga, S.: The electronic structure and properties of group 8 oxides MO 4 , where M?=?Ru, Os, and element 108 Hs. J. Chem. Phys. 115 , 792?799 (2001)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  108. Hofmann, S., Heßberger, F.P., Ackermann, D., Antalic, S., Cagarda, P., Cwiok, S., Kindler, B., Kojouharova, J., Lommel, B., Mann, R., Munzenberg, G., Popeko, A.G., Saro, S., Schott, H.J., Yeremin, A.V.: The new isotope 270 110 and its decay products 266 Hs and 262 Sg. Eur. Phys. J. A 10 , 5?10 (2001)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  109. Pershina, V., Bastug, T., Fricke, B.: Relativistic effects on the electronic structure and volatility of group-8 tetroxides MO 4 , where M?=?Ru, Os, and element 108, Hs. J. Chem. Phys. 122 , 124301(9) (2005)

    Google Scholar  

  110. Pershina, V., Anton, J., Jacob, T.: Fully relativistic density-functional-theory calculations of the electronic structures of MO(4) (M?=?Ru, Os, and element 108, Hs) and prediction of physisorption. Phys. Rev. A 78 , 032518(5) (2008)

    Google Scholar  

  111. von Zweidorf, A., Angert, R., Bruchle, W., Burger, S., Eberhardt, K., Eichler, R., Hummrich, H., Jager, E., Kling, H.-O., Kratz, J.V., Kuczewski, B., Langrock, G., Mendel, M., Rieth, U., Schadel, M., Schausten, B., Schimpf, E., Thorle, P., Trautmann, N., Tsukada, K., Wiehl, N., Wirth, G.: Evidence for the formation of sodium hassate (VIII). Radiochim. Acta 92 , 855?861 (2004)

    Google Scholar  

  112. Patyk, Z., Skalski, J., Sobiczewski, A., Cwiok, S.: Potential-energy and spontaneous-fission half-lives for heavy and superheavy nuclei. Nucl. Phys. A 502 , C591?C599 (1989)

    Google Scholar  

  113. Patyk, Z., Sobiczewski, A.: Ground-state properties of the heaviest nuclei analyzed in a multidimensional deformation space. Nucl. Phys. A 533 , 132?152 (1991)

    Google Scholar  

  114. Sobiczewski, A., Muntian, I., Patyk, Z.: Problem of “deformed” superheavy nuclei. Phys. Rev. C 63 , 034306(12) (2001)

    Google Scholar  

  115. Turler, A.: Nuclear structure and reaction studies near doubly magic 270 Hs. Radiochim. Acta 100 , 75?83 (2012)

    Google Scholar  

  116. Oganessian, Y.T., Yeremin, A.V., Gulbekian, G.G., Bogomolov, S.L., Chepigin, V.I., Gikal, B.N., Gorshkov, V.A., Itkis, M.G., Kabachenko, A.P., Kutner, V.B., Lavrentev, A.Y., Malyshev, O.N., Popeko, A.G., Rohach, J., Sagaidak, R.N., Hofmann, S., Munzenberg, G., Veselsky, M., Saro, S., Iwasa, N., Morita, K.: Search for new isotopes of element 112 by irradiations of 238 U with 48 Ca. Eur. Phys. J. A 5 , 63?68 (1999)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  117. Oganessian, Y.T., Yeremin, A.V., Popeko, A.G., Bogomolov, S.L., Buklanov, G.V., Chelnokov, L.P., Chepigin, V.I., Gikal, B.N., Gorshkov, V.A., Gulbekian, G.G., Itkis, M.G., Kabachenko, A.P., Lavrentev, A.Y., Malyshev, O.N., Rohach, J., Sagaidak, R.N., Hofmann, S., Saro, S., Giardina, G., Morita, K.: Synthesis of nuclei of the superheavy element 114 in reactions incuded by 48 Ca. Nature 400 , 242?245 (1999)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  118. Oganessian, Y.T., Utyonkov, V.K., Lobanov, Y.V., Abdullin, F.S., Polyakov, A.N., Shirokovsky, I.V., Tsyganov, Y.S., Gulbekian, G.G., Bogomolov, S.L., Gikal, B.N., Mezentsev, A.N., Iliev, S., Subbotin, V.G., Sukhov, A.M., Ivanov, O.V., Buklanov, G.V., Subotic, K., Itkis, M.G., Moody, K.J., Wild, J.F., Stoyer, N.J., Stoyer, M.A., Lougheed, R.W.: Synthesis of superheavy nuclei in the 48 Ca? \(+\)  244 Pu reaction: 288 114. Phys. Rev. C 62 , 041604(4) (2000)

    Google Scholar  

  119. Oganessian, Y.: Heaviest nuclei from 48 Ca induced reactions. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 34 , R165?R242 (2007)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  120. Oganessian, Y.T., Abdullin, F.S., Bailey, P.D., Benker, D.E., Bennett, M.E., Dmitriev, S.N., Ezold, J.G., Hamilton, J.H., Henderson, R.A., Itkis, M.G., Lobanov, Y.V., Mezentsev, A.N., Moody, K.J., Nelson, S.L., Polyakov, A.N., Porter, C.E., Ramayya, A.V., Riley, F.D., Roberto, J.B., Ryabinin, M.A., Rykaczewski, K.P., Sagaidak, R.N., Shaughnessy, D.A., Shirokovsky, I.V., Stoyer, M.A., Subbotin, V.G., Sudowe, R.: Synthesis of a new element with atomic number Z?=?117. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 , 142502(4) (2010)

    Google Scholar  

  121. Schwerdtfeger, P., Seth, M.: Relativistic effects of the superheavy elements. In: von Rague Schleyer, P. (ed.) Encyclopedia on Calculational Chemistry, vol. 4, pp. 2480?2499. Wiley, New York (1998)

    Google Scholar  

  122. Gaggeler, H.W.: Gas chemical properties of heaviest elements. Radiochim. Acta 99 , 503?513 (2011)

    Google Scholar  

  123. Schadel, M.: Chemistry of the superheavy elements. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45 , 368?401 (2006)

    Google Scholar  

  124. Turler, A, Pershina, V.: Advances in the Production and Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements. Chem. Rev. 113 , 1237?1312 (2013)

    Google Scholar  

  125. Eichler, B.: Das Fluchtigkeitsverhalten von Transactiniden im Bereich um Z?=?114 (Voraussage). Kernenergie 19 , 307?311 (1976)

    Google Scholar  

  126. Pitzer, K.S.: Are elements 112, 114, and 118 relatively inert gases? J. Chem. Phys. 63 , 1032?1033 (1975)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  127. Pershina, V., Anton, J., Jacob, T.: Theoretical predictions of adsorption behavior of elements 112 and 114 and their homologs Hg and Pb. J. Chem. Phys. 131 , 084713(8) (2009)

    Google Scholar  

  128. Eichler, B., Rossbach, H.: Adsorption of volatile metals on metal-surfaces and its application in nuclear chemistry 1. Calculation of adsorption enthalpies for hypothetical superheavy elements with Z around 114. Radiochim. Acta 33 , 121?125 (1983)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  129. Trautmann, W., Hoffmann, P., Bachmann, K.: Gas-phase transport of polonium using ethyl radicals. J. Organomet. Chem. 92 , 191?196 (1975)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  130. Yakushev, A., Buklanov, G.V., Chelnokov, L.P., Chepigin, V.I., Dmitriev, S.N., Gorshkov, V.A., Hubener, S., Lebedev, V.Y., Malyshev, O.N., Oganessian, Y.T., Popeko, A.G., Sokol, E.A., Timokhin, S.N., Turler, A., Vasko, V.M., Yeremin, A.V., Zvara, I.: First attempt to chemically identify element 112. Radiochim. Acta 89 , 743?745 (2001)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  131. Yakushev, A.B., Zvara, I., Oganessian, Y.T., Belozerov, A.V., Dmitriev, S.N., Eichler, B., Hubener, S., Sokol, E.A., Turler, A., Yeremin, A.V., Buklanov, G.V., Chelnokov, M.L., Chepigin, V.I., Gorshkov, V.A., Gulyaev, A.V., Lebedev, V.Y., Malyshev, O.N., Popeko, A.G., Soverna, S., Szeglowski, Z., Timokhin, S.N., Tretyakova, S.P., Vasko, V.M., Itkis, M.G.: Chemical identification and properties of element 112. Radiochim. Acta 91 , 433?439 (2003)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  132. Gaggeler, H.W., Bruchle, W., Dullmann, C.E., Dressler, R., Eberhardt, K., Eichler, B., Eichler, R., Folden III, C.M., Ginter, T.N., Glaus, F., Gregorich, K.E., Haenssler, F., Hoffman, D.C., Jager, E., Jost, D.T., Kirbach, U.W., Kratz, J.V., Nitsche, H., Patin, J.B., Pershina, V., Piguet, D., Qin, Z., Rieth, U., Schadel, M., Schimpf, E., Schausten, B., Soverna, S., Sudowe, R., Thorle, P., Trautmann, N., Turler, A., Vahle, A., Wilk, P.A., Wirth, G., Yakushev, A.B., von Zweidorf, A.: Chemical and nuclear studies of hassium and element 112. Nucl. Phys. A 734 , 208?212 (2004)

    Google Scholar  

  133. Eichler, R., Bruchle, W., Buda, R., Burger, S., Dressler, R., Dullmann, C.E., Dvorak, J., Eberhardt, K., Eichler, B., Folden III, C.M., Gaggeler, H.W., Gregorich, K.E., Haenssler, F., Hoffman, D.C., Hummrich, H., Jager, E., Schimpf, E., Semchenov, A., Soverna, S., Sudowe, R., Trautmann, N., Thorle, P., Turler, A., Wierczinski, B., Wiehl, N., Wilk, P.A., Wirth, G., Yakushev, A., von Zweidorf, A.: Attempts to chemically investigate element 112. Radiochim. Acta 94 , 181?191 (2006)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  134. Hofmann, S., Ackermann, D., Antalic, S., Burkhard, H.G., Comas, V.F., Dressler, R., Gan, Z., Heinz, S., Heredia, J.A., Heßberger, F.P., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kindler, B., Kojouharov, I., Kuusiniemi, P., Leino, M., Lommel, B., Mann, R., Munzenberg, G., Nishio, K., Popeko, A.G., Saro, S., Schott, H.J., Streicher, B., Sulignano, B., Uusitalo, J., Venhart, M., Yeremin, A.: The reaction 48 Ca? \(+\)  238 U?→? 286 112* studied at the GSI-SHIP. Eur. Phys. J. A 32 , 251?260 (2007)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  135. Eichler, R., Aksenov, N.V., Belozerov, A.V., Bozhikov, G.A., Chepigin, V.I., Dmitriev, S.N., Dressler, R., Gaggler, H.W., Gorshkov, V.A., Haenssler, F., Itkis, M.G., Laube, A., Lebedev, V.Y., Malyshev, O.N., Oganessian, Y.T., Petrushkin, O.V., Piguet, D., Rasmussen, P., Shishkin, S.V., Shutov, A.V., Svirikhin, A.I., Tereshatov, E.E., Vostokin, G.K., Wegrzecki, M., Yeremin, A.: Chemical characterization of element 112. Nature 447 , 72?75 (2007)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  136. Eichler, R., Aksenov, N.V., Belozerov, A.V., Bozhikov, G.A., Chepigin, V.I., Dmitriev, S.N., Dressler, R., Gaggeler, H.W., Gorshkov, A.V., Itkis, M.G., Haenssler, F., Laube, A., Lebedev, V.Y., Malyshev, O.N., Oganessian, Y.T., Petrushkin, O.V., Piguet, D., Popeko, A.G., Rasmussen, T., Shishkin, S.V., Serov, A.A., Shutov, A.V., Svirikhin, A.I., Tereshatov, E.E., Vostokin, G.K., Wegrzecki, M., Yeremin, A.V.: Thermochemical and physical properties of element 112. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 , 3262?3266 (2008)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  137. Zaitsevskii, A.V., van Wullen, C., Titov, A.V.: Relativistic pseudopotential model for superheavy elements: applications to chemistry of eka-Hg and eka-Pb. Russ. Chem. Rev. 78 , 1173?1181 (2009)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  138. Gaston, N., Opahle, I., Gaggeler, H.W., Schwerdtfeger, P.: Is eka-mercury (element 112) a group 12 metal? Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 , 1663?1666 (2007)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  139. Eichler, R.: New Attempt to Chemically Investigate 283 112 and 287 114. In: Turler, A., Schwikowski, M., Blattmann, A. (eds.) Annual Report 2009, p. 3. Labor fur Radio- und Umweltchemie der Universitat Bern und des Paul Scherrer Instituts, Villigen PSI, Bern (2010)

    Google Scholar  

  140. Wittwer, D., Abdullin, F.S., Aksenov, N.V., Albin, Y.V., Bozhikov, G.A., Dmitriev, S.N., Dressler, R., Eichler, R., Gaggeler, H.W., Henderson, R.A., Hubener, S., Kenneally, J.M., Lebedev, V.Y., Lobanov, Y.V., Moody, K.J., Oganessian, Y.T., Petrushkin, O.V., Polyakov, A.N., Piguet, D., Rasmussen, P., Sagaidak, R.N., Serov, A., Shirokovsky, I.V., Shaughnessy, D.A., Shishkin, S.V., Sukhov, A.M., Stoyer, M.A., Stoyer, N.J., Tereshatov, E.E., Tsyganov, Y.S., Utyonkov, V.K., Vostokin, G.K., Wegrzecki, M., Wilk, P.A.: Gas phase chemical studies of superheavy elements using the Dubna gas-filled recoil separator?stopping range determination. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 268 , 28?35 (2010)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  141. Stavsetra, L., Gregorich, K.E., Alstad, J., Breivik, H., Eberhardt, K., Folden III, C.M., Ginter, T.N., Johansson, M., Kirbach, U.W., Lee, D.M.: Liquid-scintillation detection of preseparated 257 Rf with the SISAK-system. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 543 , 509?516 (2005)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  142. Schadel, M.: Superheavy element chemistry at GSI?status and perspectives. Eur. Phys. J. D 45 , 67?74 (2007)

    Google Scholar  

  143. Yakushev, A., Gates, J.M., Gorshkov, A., Graeger, R., Ackermann, D., Block, M., Bruchle, W., Dullmann, C.E., Essel, H.G., Heßberger, F.P., Hubner, A., Jager, E., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kindler, B., Krier, J., Kurz, N., Lommel, B., Schadel, M., Schausten, B., Schimpf, E., Eberhardt, K., Eibach, M., Even, J., Hild, D., Kratz, J.V., Niewisch, L.J., Runke, J., Tohrle-Pospiech, P., Wiehl, N., Dvorak, J., Nitsche, H., Omtvedt, J.P., Semchenkov, A., Forsberg, U., Rudolph, D., Uusitalo, J., Andersson, L.-L., Herzberg, R.-D., Parr, E., Qin, Z., Wegrzecki, M.: COMPACT coupled to TASCA for element 114 chemistry*. In: GSI Scientific Report 2009, vol. NUSTAR-SHE-11, p. 180. Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung mbH, Darmstadt (2010)

    Google Scholar  

  144. Dullmann, C.E., Schadel, M., Yakushev, A., Turler, A., Eberhardt, K., Kratz, J.V., Ackermann, D., Andersson, L.-L., Block, M., Bruchle, W., Dvorak, J., Essel, H.G., Ellison, P.A., Even, J., Gates, J.M., Gorshkov, A., Graeger, R., Gregorich, K.E., Hartmann, W., Herzberg, R.-D., Heßberger, F.P., Hild, D., Hubner, A., Jager, E., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kindler, B., Krier, J., Kurz, N., Lahiri, S., Liebe, D., Lommel, B., Maiti, M., Nitsche, H., Omtvedt, J.P., Parr, E., Rudolph, D., Runke, J., Schausten, B., Schimpf, E., Semchenkov, A., Steiner, J., Thorle-Pospiech, P., Uusitalo, J., Wegrzecki, M., Wiehl, N.: Production and decay of element 114: high cross sections and the new nucleus 277 Hs. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 , 252701(5) (2010)

    Google Scholar  

  145. Eichler, R., Aksenov, N.V., Albin, Y.V., Belozerov, A.V., Bozhikov, G.A., Chepigin, V.I., Dmitriev, S.N., Dressler, R., Gaggeler, H.W., Gorshkov, V.A., Henderson, R.A., Johnsen, A.M., Kenneally, J.M., Lebedev, V.Y., Malyshev, O.N., Moody, K.J., Oganessian, Y.T., Petrushkin, O.V., Piguet, D., Popeko, A.G., Rasmussen, P., Serov, A.A., Shaughnessy, D.A., Shishkin, S.V., Shutov, A.V., Stoyer, M.A., Stoyer, N.J., Svirikhin, A.I., Tereshatov, E.E., Vostokin, G.K., Wegrzecki, M., Wilk, P.A., Wittwer, D., Yeremin, A.V.: Indication for a volatile element 114. Radiochim. Acta 98 , 133?139 (2010)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  146. Pershina, V.: Relativistic electronic structure studies on the heaviest elements. Radiochim. Acta 99 , 459?476 (2011)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  147. Hermann, A., Furthmuller, J., Gaggeler, H.W., Schwerdtfeger, P.: Spin-orbit effects in structural and electronic properties for the solid state of the group-14 elements from carbon to superheavy element 114. Phys. Rev. B 82 , 155116(8) (2010)

    Google Scholar  

  148. Dullmann, C.E.: Superheavy elements at GSI: a broad research program with element 114 in the focus of physics and chemistry. Radiochim. Acta 100 , 67?74 (2012)

    Google Scholar  

  149. Even, J., Ballof, J., Bruchle, W., Buda, R.A., Dullmann, C.E., Eberhardt, K., Gorshkov, A., Gromma, E., Hild, D., Jager, E., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kratz, J.V., Krier, J., Liebe, D., Mendel, M., Nayak, D., Opel, K., Omtvedt, J.P., Reichert, P., Runke, J., Sabelnikov, A., Samadani, F., Schadel, M., Schausten, B., Scheid, N., Schimpf, E., Semchenkov, A., Thorle-Pospiech, P., Toyoshima, A., Turler, A., Vicente Vilas, V., Wiehl, N., Wunderlich, T., Yakushev, A.: The recoil transfer chamber?an interface to connect the physical preseparator TASCA with chemistry and counting setups. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 638 , 157?164 (2011)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  150. Tereshatov, E.E., Shaughnessy, D.A., Gostic, J.M., Henderson, R.A.: Synthesis and investigation of the chemical properties of odd-Z superheavy elements. Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 241 , 1 (2011)

    Google Scholar  

  151. Oganessian, Y.T., Abdullin, F.S., Dmitriev, S.N., Gostic, J.M., Hamilton, J.H., Henderson, R.A., Itkis, M.G., Moody, K.J., Polyakov, A.N., Ramayya, A.V., Roberto, J.B., Rykaczewski, K.P., Sagaidak, R.N., Shaughnessy, D.A., Shirokovsky, I.V., Stoyer, M.A., Subbotin, V.G., Sukhov, A.M., Tsyganov, Y.S., Utyonkov, V.K., Voinov, A.A., Vostokin, G.K.: New insights into the 243 Am? \(+\)  48 Ca reaction products previously observed in the experiments on elements 113, 115, and 117. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 , 022502(5) (2012)

    Google Scholar  

  152. Oganessian, Y.T., Abdullin, F.S., Bailey, P.D., Benker, D.E., Bennett, M.E., Dmitriev, S.N., Ezold, J.G., Hamilton, J.H., Henderson, R.A., Itkis, M.G., Lobanov, Y.V., Mezentsev, A.N., Moody, K.J., Nelson, S.L., Polyakov, A.N., Porter, C.E., Ramayya, A.V., Riley, F.D., Roberto, J.B., Ryabinin, M.A., Rykaczewski, K.P., Sagaidak, R.N., Shaughnessy, D.A., Shirokovsky, I.V., Stoyer, M.A., Subbotin, V.G., Sudowe, R., Sukhov, A.M., Taylor, R., Tsyganov, Y.S., Utyonkov, V.K., Voinov, A.A., Vostokin, G.K., Wilk, P.A.: Eleven new heaviest isotopes of elements Z?=?105 to Z?=?117 identified among the products of 249 Bk? \(+\)  48 Ca reactions. Phys. Rev. C 83 , 054315(14) (2011)

    Google Scholar  

  153. Oganessian, Y.T., Abdullin, F.S., Alexander, C., Binder, J., Boll, R.A., Dmitriev, S.N., Ezold, J., Felker, K., Gostic, J.M., Grzywacz, R.K., Hamilton, J.H., Henderson, R.A., Itkis, M.G., Miernik, K., Miller, D., Moody, K.J., Polyakov, A.N., Ramayya, A.V., Roberto, J.B., Ryabinin, M.A., Rykaczewski, K.P., Sagaidak, R.N., Shaughnessy, D.A., Shirokovsky, I.V., Shumeiko, M.V., Stoyer, M.A., Stoyer, N.J., Subbotin, V.G., Sukhov, A.M., Tsyganov, Y.S., Utyonkov, V.K., Voinov, A.A., Vostokin, G.K.: Production and decay of the heaviest nuclei 293,294 117 and 294 118. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 , 162501(5) (2012)

    Google Scholar  

  154. Eichler, R., Schadel, M.: Adsorption of radon on metal surfaces: a model study for chemical investigations of elements 112 and 114. J. Phys. Chem. B 106 , 5413?5420 (2002)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  155. Hohn, A., Eichler, R., Eichler, B.: Investigations on adsorption and transport behaviour of carrier-free silver, gold and platinum in quartz columns under vacuum conditions. Radiochim. Acta 92 , 513?516 (2004)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  156. Gaggeler, H., Eichler, B., Greulich, W., Herrmann, G., Trautmann, N.: Vacuum-Thermochromatography of Carrier-free species. Radiochim. Acta 40 , 137?143 (1986)

    Google Scholar  

  157. Zagrebaev, V.I., Karpov, A.V., Greiner, W.: Possibilities for synthesis of new isotopes of superheavy elements in fusion reactions. Phys. Rev. C 85 , 014608(8) (2012)

    Google Scholar  

  158. Gaggeler, H.W.: On-line gas chemistry experiments with transactinide elements. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 183 , 261?271 (1994)

    Google Scholar  

  159. von Zweidorf, A.: Gaschemische Untersuchungen in situ gebildeter fluchtiger Oxide des Rutheniums, Osmiums und Hassiums. ibidem-Verlag, Stuttgart (2003) and Ph.D. thesis, Universitat Mainz (2003)

    Google Scholar  

  160. Eichler, R.: Empirical relation between the adsorption properties of elements on gold surfaces and their volatility. Radiochim. Acta 93 , 245?248 (2005)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

  161. Zvara, I.: Studies of the heaviest elements at Dubna. In: Report JINR, vol. E12-7547, p. 28. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna (1973)

    Google Scholar  

  162. Zvara, I., Timokhin, S.N., Chuburkov, Y.T., Yakushev, A.B., Gorski, B.: A comparative study of chlorides and bromides of element 105 (Ns), Ta and Nb by the thermochromatographic method. In: Scientific Report 1989?1990, vol. E7-91-75, p. 36. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Dubna (1991)

    Google Scholar  

  163. Turler, A., Eichler, B., Jost, D.T., Piguet, D., Gaggeler, H.W., Gregorich, K.E., Kadkhodayan, B., Kreek, S.A., Lee, D.M., Mohar, M., Sylwester, E., Hoffman, D.C., Hubener, S.: On-line gas phase chromatography with chlorides of niobium and hahnium (element 105). Radiochim. Acta 73 , 55?66 (1996)

    Google Scholar  

  164. Zvara, I.: Gas phase chemistry studies of transactinoid elements and the relativistic effects. Czech J. Phys. 49 , 563?571 (1999)

    CAS   Google Scholar  

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Labor fur Radio- und Umweltchemie, Universitat Bern, Bern, CH

    Heinz W. Gaggeler?&?Andreas Turler

  2. Labor fur Radio- und Umweltchemie, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, CH

    Heinz W. Gaggeler?&?Andreas Turler

Authors
  1. Heinz W. Gaggeler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed  Google Scholar

  2. Andreas Turler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed  Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Heinz W. Gaggeler .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany

    Matthias Schadel

  2. Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA

    Dawn Shaughnessy

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

ⓒ 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gaggeler, H.W., Turler, A. (2014). Gas-Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements. In: Schadel, M., Shaughnessy, D. (eds) The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37466-1_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation