Caelifera

Caelifera sunt subordo insectorum ordinis Orthopterorum . ^[2] Comprehendunt acrididea cum insectis similibus, aliasque superfamilias cum eis digestas: tetrigoidea et tridactyloidea . Tridactyloidea vicissim non confundenda sunt cum gryllotalpidis , ad Ensifera , alium orthoperorum subordinem, pertinentibus.

Subdivisiones et earum distributiones [ recensere | fontem recensere ]

Caelifera comprehendunt 2400 fere genera descripta et 12?000 fere specierum notarum. Multae species non dum descriptae ut videtur existunt, praecipue in silvis pluvialibus . Caeliferis, ut quidem plurimis orthopteris, est distribitio plerumque tropica , paucioribus speciebus in regionibus temperatis inventis. Caelifera in duos infraordines digeruntur: Tridactylidea (basaliora) et Acrididea. Nomen acrididea ex veterioribus fontibus derivatur, sicut operibus Augusti Danielis Imms . ^[3]

Infraordo Tridactylidea
- Tridactyloidea Brulle, 1835 ^[4] (omnes continentes praeter Antarcticam )
- Dzhajloutshelloidea Gorochov, 1994 †
Infraordo Acrididea ^[5]^[6]
- Tetrigoidea ( taxon monotypicum ) Serville, 1838 ^[7]^[3] (omnes continentes praeter Antarcticam )
- Superfamilia: Acridomorpha , grex privatus
  - Acridoidea MacLeay, 1821 ( mundus ), circiter 10?000 specierum in Acrididis solae
  - Eumastacoidea Burr, 1899 ( America , Africa , Australasia )
  - Locustopsoidea Handlirsch, 1906 †
  - Pneumoroidea Blanchard, 1845 ( Africa )
  - Proscopioidea Serville, 1838 ( America Australis )
  - Pyrgomorphoidea ( taxon monotypicum ) B. von Wattenwyl, 1882 (omnes continentes tropicae et subtropicae)
  - Tanaoceroidea ( taxon monotypicum ) Rehn, 1948 ( America Septentrionalis )
  - Trigonopterygoidea Walker, 1870 ( America Media , Asia meridio-orientalis )

Coniunctiones [ recensere | fontem recensere ]

Phylogenia Acridideorum bene describitur, sex ex octo superfamiliis infra in cladogrammate perscriptis. Sicut Ensifera , Caelifera et eius superfamiliae monophyleticae videntur. ^[8]^[9]

Orthoptera

Ensifera

[6 superfamiliae]

Caelifera

Tridactylidea

	Tridactyloidea

	Dzhajloutshelloidea ( exstincta )

Acrididea

Tetrigoidea

Acridomorpha

Eumastacoidea

Pneumoroidea

	Pyrgomorphoidea

	Acridoidea etc.

Phylogenia Caeliferorum, secundum RNA ribosomatis mitochondriorum triginta duarum taxonorum, in sex ex septem superfamiliis ut cladogramma infra monstratur. Ensifera, Caelifera, et omnes acridideorum superfamiliae praeter Pamphagoidea monophyleticae videntur. ^[10]^[11]

Orthoptera

Ensifera

[6 superfamilies]

Caelifera

	Pyrgomorphidae

	Acrididae + Pamphagidae

Significatio oeconomica et vocabula [ recensere | fontem recensere ]

Nonnullae species, praeter in acridoideis, sunt pestes agriculturae magni momenti, sed non omnes sunt species cuius multitudines morphologice commutari possunt cum conferti sint, et mores examinationis exhibere possunt. ^[12] Alia exempla pestium agriculturae sunt Oedaleus senegalensis et certae species inter Pyrgomorphidas , praecipue Zonocerus variegatus .

Notae [ recensere | fontem recensere ]

↑ Zeuner, F. E. (1939). Fossil Orthoptera Ensifera . British Museum Natural History .
↑ TOLweb.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Imms A. D., rev. Richards O. W. & Davies R. G. (1970), A General Textbook of Entomology, ed. nona, Methuen.
↑ Ragge 1965: 299.
↑ ITIS: Acrididea (Retrieved 23/7/2017) .
↑ Orthoptera Species File: infraorder Acrididea (Retrieved 20/7/2017) .
↑ Ragge 1965: 299.
↑ TOLweb
↑ Flook, P. K.; Rowell, C. H. F. (1997). "The Phylogeny of the Caelifera (Insecta, Orthoptera) as Deduced from mtrRNA Gene Sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8 (1): 89?103 .
↑ Flook, P.K.; Rowell, C.H.F. (1997). "The Phylogeny of the Caelifera (Insecta, Orthoptera) as Deduced from mtrRNA Gene Sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8 (1): 89?103 .
↑ Zhang, Hong-Li; Huang, Yuan; Lin, Li-Liang; Wang, Xiao-Yang; Zheng, Zhe-Min (2013). "The phylogeny of the Orthoptera (Insecta) as deduced from mitogenomic gene sequences". Zoological Studies 52 : 37 .
↑ Uvarov 1966.

Bibliographia [ recensere | fontem recensere ]

Ander. 1936 . "Orthoptera Saltatorias filogeni pa grundval av jamforande anatomiska studier." Opuscule Entomologica 1: 93?94.
Baur, Bertrand, Hannes Baur, Christian Roesti, et Daniel Roest. 2006 . Die Heuschrecken der Schweiz. Bernae: Haupt Verlag. ISBN 3-258-07053-9 .
Bellmann, Heiko. 1993 . Heuschrecken: beobachten, bestimmen. Naturbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-894-40028-5 .
Bellmann, Heiko.l 2004 . Heuschrecken: Die Stimmen von 61 heimischen Arten. CD. Amp Europe. ISBN 3-935-32948-2 .
Detzel, Peter. 1998 . Heuschrecken. Baden-Wurttembergs: Ulmer Verlag; Stutgardiae. ISBN 3-800-13507-8 .
Ingrisch, Siegfried, et Gunther Kohler. 1998 . Die Heuschrecken Mitteleuropas. Westarp Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-894-32461-9 .
Kreuwels, A. 2003 . Saltatoria (ou Orthoptera): sauterelles, criquets, grillons et courtilieres.
Ragge, D. R. 1965 . Grasshoppers, Crickets & Cockroaches of the British Isles. Londinii: F. Warne & Co.
Szij, Josef. 2004 . Die Springschrecken Europas. Die Neue Brehm-Bucherei, 652. Westarp-Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben. ISBN 3-894-32910-6 .
Tauscher, Heinrich. 1986 . Unsere Heuschrecken. Stutgardiae: Kosmos Franckh'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. ISBN 3-440-05617-1 .
Uvarov, B. P. 1966 . Grasshoppers & Locusts: A Handbook of General Acridology. Cantabrigiae et Londinii: Cambridge University Press.

Nexus interni

Gryllidae

Nexus externi [ recensere | fontem recensere ]

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Caelifera spectant.

[1] Zeuner, F. E. (1939). Fossil Orthoptera Ensifera . British Museum Natural History .

[2] TOLweb.

[Imms-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Imms A. D., rev. Richards O. W. & Davies R. G. (1970), A General Textbook of Entomology, ed. nona, Methuen.

[4] Ragge 1965: 299.

[5] ITIS: Acrididea (Retrieved 23/7/2017) .

[6] Orthoptera Species File: infraorder Acrididea (Retrieved 20/7/2017) .

[7] Ragge 1965: 299.

[8] TOLweb

[9] Flook, P. K.; Rowell, C. H. F. (1997). "The Phylogeny of the Caelifera (Insecta, Orthoptera) as Deduced from mtrRNA Gene Sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8 (1): 89?103 .

[10] Flook, P.K.; Rowell, C.H.F. (1997). "The Phylogeny of the Caelifera (Insecta, Orthoptera) as Deduced from mtrRNA Gene Sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8 (1): 89?103 .

[11] Zhang, Hong-Li; Huang, Yuan; Lin, Li-Liang; Wang, Xiao-Yang; Zheng, Zhe-Min (2013). "The phylogeny of the Orthoptera (Insecta) as deduced from mitogenomic gene sequences". Zoological Studies 52 : 37 .

[12] Uvarov 1966.

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