Testosteron

Testosteron hormonek zauze ya neran e, heri zede di gunan de te berhemkirin.

Hormona testosteron madeyek steroid e ^[1]. Steroid corek ceweri ye. Zincira karbonen steroidan ji car xeleken bi hev re giredayi pek te, se xelek ?e?go?eyi, xelekek ji penc go?eyi ye ^[2].

Testosteron di xaneyen Leydig de te berhemkirin ^[3]. Xaneyen Leydig, xaneyen navber in di navbera spermeborrikan de. Di la?e mirove bi temene pegihi?ti de % 20e giraniya gunan ji xaneyen Leydig pek te ^[4]. Di la?e dergu?en nubuyi de bi qasi cend mehan hejmara xaneyen Leydig zedeye, di heman deme de di la?e dergu?e de derdana testosteron ji zede ye. Di temene zaroktiye de di gunan de hema beje qet ji xaneyen leydig namine u ji gunan derdana testosteron ji radiweste. Di destpeka temene pegihi?tine de hejmara xaneyen leydig u derdana hormona testosterone zede dibe, ev rew? dibe sedema peydabuna sifeten zayendi yen duyem u destpekirina cekirina sperman ^[5]. Di dema perisina korpeleye de di la?e korpeleya ner de berhemkirina testosteron giring e bo cebuna endamen zauze ye nere ^[6].

Bandora testosteron di temene korpeleyi de [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Di la?e korpeleye 9-10 hefteyi de xaneyen leydig dest bi berhemkirin u derdana hormona testosterone dikin. Di la?e korpeleye (bi inglizi: fetus ) de du erken sereki ye hormona testosterone heye;

1. Cudahiya zayendi, cebun u perisina endamen zauze di korpeleye de.

Bi derdana testosteron, hin ?aneyen korpeleye diguherin bo cebuna cuk u turike gun. Heke testosteron neye derdan ?aneyen korpeleye diguherin bo endamen zauze yen meye ^[6]. Herwisa ji bo perisina rijene prostat , cikildanen tovave ji pedivi bi hormona testosterone heye ^[7].

2. Ji zikekelene ber bi turike gun ve daketina gunan.

Gunen korpeleye di zikekelene de diperisin, du meh bere zayine herdu gun ber bi jer ve dilivin u dikevin nav turike gun. Turike gun, ji kisekek bi cerm dapo?i pek te u ji berrane ber bi derve daliqandi ye. Erke sereke ye turike gun henikkirina sperman e ^[3].

Bandora testosteron di temene pegihi?ti de [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Di la?e mirove bi temene pegihi?ti de du erken testosterone heye;

Bandora li ser endamen zauze [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Testosteron qebareya cuk, gun u turike gunan zede dike. Ji destpeka temene pegihi?tine (10-14 sali) heta temene 20 saliye, cuk u gun gir dibin ^[7]. Herwisa ji bo berhemanina sperman ji pedivi bi testosterone heye.

Bandora li ser peydabuna sifeten zayendi yen duyem [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Di la?e neran de cuk u gun, di la?e meyan de ze u hekdank sifeten zayendi yen yekem in.

Sifeten reftari (bi inglizi: behavioral ) u fiziki yen ko neran ji meyan cuda dikin ji weki sifeten zayendi yen duyem(bi inglizi: secondary sexual characters ) ten navkirin. Sifeten zayendi yen duyem en neran bi bandora hormona testosterone, di dema temene pegihi?tine (bi inglizi: puberty ) peyda dibin. Testosteron xaneyen armanc de cebuna proteinan han dike, bi cebuna proteinan ji di la?e neran de guherin ru dide. Ev rew? dibe sedema peydabuna sifeten zayendi yen duyem ^[7].

Ji ber bandora testosterone ya li ser cebuna proteinan, giraniya masulkeyen neran %50 zedetir dibe. Testosteron leza guheztina asiden amine bo xaneyen masulkeyan bilintir dike. Di nav masulkexaneyan de protein te cekirin u embarkirin, bi vi awaye qebareya masulkeyan zede dibe. Herwisa testosteron hilwe?ina proteinan ji kemtir dike ^[7].

Testosteron bandor li ser hestiyan ji dike. Bi bandora testosterone, di hesti de he pirtir protein te berhemkirin u he pirtir kalsiyum te embarkirin bi vi awaye di la?e neran de sturiya hestiyan zedetir dibe.

Hormona testosterone sturiya cerm zede dike. Ji ber ko he pirtir protein di cerme wan de hatiye embarkirin, cerme nere mirovan ji ye meye mirovan sturtir e. Herwisa testosteron derdana rijenen cewri yen cerm zede dike ^[8].

Di temene zaroktiye de muyen la?e kur u kecan be reng e, mina hiri nerm e, zirav u kin e. Bi destpeka temene pegihi?tine, ji ber hormona testosterone, muye la?e xortan diguhere, mu direj dibe, melanin u sturiya mu zede dibe, mu dibin muyen mayinde. Bi taybeti ri, simbel, muyen li sing, muyen binceng u ruv, muyen zik, mil u cipen xortan he pirtir diguherin u dibin muyen mayinde. Di la?e kecan de mejera testosterone pir hindik e, loma ji xeyni muyen binceng u rev bi gelemperi, muye la?e wan lawaz dimine.

Bi bandora testosterone; masulkeyen qirrike gir dibin, firehi u direjiya qirrike zede dibe, dengeje stur dibin bi vi awaye denge zirav e zaroktiye diguhere bo denge stur ^[9].

Di salen destpeka temene pegihi?tine de rejeya metaboli ya bingehin (bi inglizi: basal metabolic rate ), bi bandora testosterone bi qasi %5 heta %10 zede dibe. Ev zedebun ji ber cebuna proteinan ru dide ^[7].

Testosteron bandor li ser xwin u xaneyen xwine ji dike. Ji ber handera testosterone hejmara xiroken sor di temene pegihi?tine de gellek zede dibine, di heman deme de plazmaya xwine ji zede dibe bi vi awaye qebareya xwina neran ji ya meyan zedetir dibe.

Di la?e neran de rejeya testosterone, di temene 20an de di asta heri bilind de ye. Pi?te temene 30yan, her sal rejeya testosterone qasi %1 kem dibe ^[10]. Li gel neran, di la?e meyan de ji hinek ji hormona testosteron te berhemkirin. Rijene adrenal u hekdanken meyan hinek testosteron berhem dikin ^[10]. Testosterona di la?e meyan de, dibe sedema xurtbuna muyen rev u binceng. Herwisa testosterona meyan dibe sedema peydabuna heste zauzekirine (libido) ^[11].

Rekxistina hormona testosteron di la? de [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Ji destpeka temene pegihi?tene heta dawiya jiyane, di la?e neran de ji hipotalamuse hormonen derpirandin te derdan. Yek ji van hormonen derpirandine, weki hormona derpirandin a rijenen zauze (bi inglizi: gonadotropin- releasing hormone ,(GnRH)) te navkirin ^[12]. GnRH bi navbeynkariya xwine digihije hipofize . Ji ber bandora GnRH, ji pila pe? a hipofize, hormona handere cikildane ( FSH ) u hormona handere tene zer ( LH ) te derdan.

LH di gunan de xaneyen Leydig han dike bo berhemkirin u derdana androjenan. Andorojen nave gelemperi ye bo koma hormonen zauze yen neran. Ango androjen li ser girbun u perisina koendama zauze ya neran banor dikin. Testosteron androjena heri zede u ya calak e di la?e neran de. Xaneyen leydig roje bi qasi 6 heta 7 mg testosteron berhem dikin, bi vi awaye koendama zauze ya nere erke xwe birekupek cih tine ^[5]. Piraniya androjenan di gunan de ten berhemkirin, le hinek ji di tukila rijene adrenal de ten berhemkirin ^[13]. Bi bandora LHe di la? de asta rejeya testosteron bilind dibe. Testosteron girbun u xurtbuna koendama zauze ya nere dabin dike, herwisa cebuna sifeten zayendi yen duyem ji han dike ^[14].

FSH bi hevkariya testosterone, di spermeborrikan de xaneyen Sertoli han dike ji bo cebuna sperman. Bi bandora FSH, ji xaneyen Sertoli, hormonek te derdan, ev hormon weki hormona inhibin te navkirin. Inhibin bandor li ser hipofize dike u derdana FSH e dide rawestandin. Bi vi awaye derdana testosteron ji te kemkirin ^[5].

Di la?e mirov de berhemkirina sperm u rejeya testosteron bi reka pa?ragihandina neyini (bi inglizi: negative feedback ) te rekxistin.

Dema di xwine de asta xestiya testosterone nizim be, ev rew? hipotalamuse han dike bo derdana hormona derpirandine. Le heke di xwine de xestiya testosteron ji asta asayi bilintir bibe, testosteron derdana GnRHe dide sekinandin ^[11]. Bi rawestina derdana GnRH, icar ji hipofize derdana LH u FSH te sekinandin. Testosteron dikare derdana hipofize bi tena sere xwe ji rawestine ^[14]. Hormona inhibin ji derdana FSHe kem dike. Bi reka pa?argihandina neyini, di xwine de xestiya asayi ya FSH u LH te rekxistin, bi vi awaye hevsengiya naveki (bi latini: homeostasis ) te dabinkirin.

Cavkani [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

^ Roberts S. Human Physiology. Global Media, 2007.
^ Simon, E. J., Dickey, J.L., Reece, J. B., & Burton, R. A. (2018).Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (6th ed.). Newyork, United States: Pearson.
^ ^a ^b Solomon, E., Martin, C., Martin, D., & Berg, L. (2015).Biology. Stamford: Cengage Learning.
^ Guyton, A. and Hall, J., 2011.Guyton And Hall Textbook Of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
^ ^a ^b ^c Betts, J., Desaix, P., Johnson, E., Johnson, J., Korol, O., & Kruse, D. et al. (2017). Anatomy & physiology. Houston, Texas: OpenStax College, Rice University,
^ ^a ^b Losos, J., Mason, K., Johnson,G., Raven, P., & Singer, S. (2016). Biology (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Sembulingam, K., and Prema Sembulingam. Essentials of Medical Physiology. 6th ed., Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2012.
^ Ireland, K. A. (2010). Visualizing Human Biology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
^ Waugh, A., Grant, A., Chambers, G., Ross, J., & Wilson, K. (2014).Ross and Wilson anatomy and physiology in health and illness (12th ed.). Edinburg: Elsevier.
^ ^a ^b Mader, S., & Windelspecht, M. (2017). Human Biology (15th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
^ ^a ^b Costanzo, Linda S. Physiology. Sixth edition, Elsevier, 2018.
^ Campbell, N. A., & Reece, J. B. (2008). Biology (8th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company.
^ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "androgen". Encyclopedia Britannica , 2 Nov. 2021, [1] . Accessed 4 December 2021.
^ ^a ^b Brooker, R., Widmaier, E., Graham, L., & Stiling, P. (2017). Biology (4th ed.).

[human_physiology-1] Roberts S. Human Physiology. Global Media, 2007.

[Biology_with_Physiology-2] Simon, E. J., Dickey, J.L., Reece, J. B., & Burton, R. A. (2018).Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (6th ed.). Newyork, United States: Pearson.

[VILLEE-3] Solomon, E., Martin, C., Martin, D., & Berg, L. (2015).Biology. Stamford: Cengage Learning.

[medical_physiology-4] Guyton, A. and Hall, J., 2011.Guyton And Hall Textbook Of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.

[OpenStax,_Anatomy_&_Physiology-5] Betts, J., Desaix, P., Johnson, E., Johnson, J., Korol, O., & Kruse, D. et al. (2017). Anatomy & physiology. Houston, Texas: OpenStax College, Rice University,

[McGraw-Hill-6] Losos, J., Mason, K., Johnson,G., Raven, P., & Singer, S. (2016). Biology (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

[Essentials_of_Medical_Physiology-7] Sembulingam, K., and Prema Sembulingam. Essentials of Medical Physiology. 6th ed., Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2012.

[visualizing-human-biology-8] Ireland, K. A. (2010). Visualizing Human Biology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

[Anatomy_and_physiology-9] Waugh, A., Grant, A., Chambers, G., Ross, J., & Wilson, K. (2014).Ross and Wilson anatomy and physiology in health and illness (12th ed.). Edinburg: Elsevier.

[Human_biology15ed-10] Mader, S., & Windelspecht, M. (2017). Human Biology (15th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

[Physiology-11] Costanzo, Linda S. Physiology. Sixth edition, Elsevier, 2018.

[Campbell-12] Campbell, N. A., & Reece, J. B. (2008). Biology (8th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company.

[13] Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "androgen". Encyclopedia Britannica , 2 Nov. 2021, [1] . Accessed 4 December 2021.

[Biology-14] Brooker, R., Widmaier, E., Graham, L., & Stiling, P. (2017). Biology (4th ed.).

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