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Kromozom

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Pekhateya kromozoma metafaze.

Kromozom (bi inglizi: chromosome ) pekhateyek bi ?eweye dezi ye, ji kromatin u proteinan pek te, kar dike ji bo embarkirin u guhaztina zanyariyen bomaweyi yen zindeweran. [1]

Peyva kromozom ji du peyven greki, ji “khr?ma” u “s?ma” hatiye cekirin. Di zimane greki de ji bo renge cerm , an ji ji bo renk, peyva “ khr?ma” te bikarain. Herwisa peyva “s?ma” ji bo la? an ji ten te bikaranin. Kromozom bi hin coren boyaxan bi hesani reng digire loma ve nave le kirine. [2]

Gen (bohel) reza nukleotidan e u li ser kromozoman de cih digire. Dibe ko kromozomek bi deh hezaran gen lixwe bigire. Piraniya genan zanyariyen ji bo diristkirina proteinan lixwe digirin. Hinek ji genan ji kar dikin ji bo diristkirina ARN -yan. [3]

Pekhate u cihe kromozoman dibe sedema cudahiya sereki di navbera navikseretayiyan (bi inglizi: prokaryotes) , navikrasteqinan (bi inglizi: eukaryotes ) u virusan de. Virus pekhateyen necandar in, kromozomen virusan ji ADN -ye an ji ji ARN-ye pek te u bi awayeki gellek ?idandi di nav viruse de cih digire.

Kromozoma Bakteriyan [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Bakteri zindeweren navikseratayi ne, kromozomen bakteriyan ji ADN-ye pek te. Bakteri bi gelemperi tene yek kromozomek bazineyi lixwe digirin. Kromozoma bakteriye di nav sitoplazmaye de cih digire. [1]

Li gel kromazoma bazineyi, bakteri plazmid ji li xwe digirin. Plazmid perceyen xeleken picuk en ADN-ye ne u bi hejmarek hindik gen lixwe digirin. Bakteri bi alikariya plazmidan, xwe ji guherinen xeter en hawirdore diparezin. [4] Bi gelemperi %50ye bakteriyan yek an ji zedetir plazmiden bazineyi lixwe digirin. [5]

Kromozome navikresteqiyan [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

nukleotid < gen <ADN < nukleozom < kromatin < kromozom

Kromozomen zindeweren navikrasteqin ji ADN u proteinan pek te u di nav navike de cih digirin. Di xaneya navikresteqin de her kromozomek ji molekulek ADN-ya direj u proteinan pek te. Protein ?eweye kromozoman rek dixe u alikari dike ji bo calakiya genen ser kromozoman. [6]

ADN xwe li ser proteinen histon dipecine, bi vi awayi zinciren ADN-ye sift dibe. Ne tene proteina histon, le proteinen ji bo duhendebuna ADN-ye, ji bo cakkirina ADN-ye u ji bo calakiya genan ji bi kromozoman re hevkari dikin. [7] Tevahiya kromozome ji molekulek ADN-ye pek te. [8] Ango di la?exaneye mirov de 46 kromozom an ji 46 molekul ADN hene.

Taybetmendiyek diyarker a her kromozome siftbuyina (bi inglizi: compactness ) we ye. weki minak,di xaneyek mirov de 46 kromozom heye, heke hemu kromozom liduhev werin rezkirin, direjiya wan dibe 200 nm. (1metre= 1000000000 nanometre ye) Heke kromozomen siftbuyi werin vekirin, ve gave direjiya kromozomen xaneyek digihije 2 metreye. Siftbuyina kromozoman, di dema dabe?buna xaneye de alikari dike ji bo rekxistina hemanen bomaweyi. Herwisa siftbuyin, di nav navike de cihbuna kromozoman hesantir dike. [9]

Hejmar, qebare u ?eweye kromozoman taybet e ji bo her corek zindewer. [10] Weki minak, mirov zindewerek 46 kromozomi ye, le me?en mewe (bi inglizi: fruit flies ) zindeweren 8 kromozomi ne, hesp zinderen 64 kromozomi ne. [3] [11] Dibe ko hejmara kromozomen du cor zindewer wekhev be, le qabare, ?ewe u genen du cor zindewer tu car wekhev nabin.

Core kromozoman [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Zindeweren ko bi pirbuna zayendi zede dibin, du cor kromozom lixwe digirin; kromozomen zayende (bi inglizi: sex chromosomes ) u kromozomen la? (bi inglizi: autosomes ).

Di la?exaneye mirov de 22 cot kromozomen la? u du kromozmen zayende heye. Di xaneyen mirove me de cota kromozozma XX, di haneyen mirove ner de kromozomen XY, kromozomen zayende ne. Kromozomen zayende, bi cebuna zayenda zindewere ve pewendidar in, zanyariyen ji bo zayenda mirov lixwe digirin. Loma sifeten (bi inglizi: character ) derbare zayende ji aliye kromozomen zayende ve ten kontrolkirin. [9] Herwisa hin zanyariyen nezayendi ji li ser van kromozoman de cih digirin.

Kromozomen la? ji bili sifeten derbare zayende, kontrola hemu sifeten bomaweyi dike. [9]

Zindeweren bi pirbuna zayendi zede dibin, di xaneyen la? (la?exane) de cotkomeleyen kromozom lixwe digirin u weki “2n” ten navkirin. Cota kromozomen xaneye, weki kromozomen homolog te navkirin. Kromozomen homolog (kromozomen lekcun), cotek kromozomen bi heman qebare, direji u ?eweyi ne. Cihe sentromere u reza genen li ser kromozomen homolog ji heman in. [12] Di xaneyen mirov de, ferek kromozoma homolog ji dayike, fera din ji bave te. [6] Weki minak, di xaneyen mirov de 23 cot, an ji 46 kromozom heye, loma hejmara kromozomen xaneyen la? weki 2n= 46 te ni?ankirin. Li vir tipa “n” cora kromozoman diyar dike.

Heke di xaneye de ji her core cotek kromozom hebin, ango kromomozom bi cot bin, ve gave peyva “2n” te bikaranin u ew xane ji weki xaneya diploidi te navkirin. Bi kurtasi, dive peyva “xaneyen la?e mirov 2n= 46 kromozom lixwe digirin” wisa were ?irovekirin; di xaneyen la?e mirov de 46 kromozom heye le ji ber ko ji her corek du kromozomen homolog heye, bi esle xwe xaneyen mirov 46 heb le 23 cor kromozom lixwe digirin. [13] Ji xeyni xaneyen la?, di la?e miroven bi temene pegehi?ti de xaneyen taybet hene u weki xaneyen zayende an ji gamet ten navkirin. Di la?e meyan de xaneyen gamet weki hek , di la?e neran de xaneyen gamet weki sperm ten navkirin. Gamet xaneyen haploidi ne, bi miyoze cedibin Di xaneyen zayende, ango di sperm u hek de komeleya kromozoman ne ji cota kromozoman le ji tekan pek te,gamet ji her core yek kromozom lixwe digirin. Ango di xaneyen zayende de 23 kromozom heye u ev xane weki xaneyen haploidi ten navkirin. [14]

Kromatin [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Di dema navbera dabe?bunan de (qonaxa interfaz) kromozom bi ?eweye nepecayi ne u weki kromatin ten navkirin. Kromotin ji ji ADN u proteinan pek ten. Kromatin di navike de belavbuyi ne u di bin mikroskope de ba? xuya nabin. [15] Kromatin duhendebuna ADN-ye hesan dikin, bi vi awaye qonaxa dabe?buna xaneye dest pe dike. Pi?ti duhendebune ADN-ye, kromotin xwe li ser xwe dipecin u, sift dibin, pekhateyek kurtir u sturtir a bi ?iweyi darik an ji sosis peyda dibe, ji ve pekhateye re te gotin kromozom. [14] Ango bi esle xwe kromozom u kromotin heman molekul in u heman genan lixwe digirin, le ji ber pecanen kromatine, kromozom pekhateyek kurt a dariki ye. [16]

Kromatid [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Di qonaxa interfaze de ADN duhende dibe u hejmara ADN-yen xaneye dibe du qat (herwisa hejmara kromatin ji dibe du qat). Loma pi?ti duhendebuna ADN-ye le bere dabe?buna xaneye, xaneya mirov ji her kromozomek du kopi lixwe digire. Her kopiyek kromozome weki kromatiden xwi?k (bi inglizi: sister chromatids ) te navkirin.

Kromozom bi mikroskope , heri ba? di qonaxa metafaze de xuya dibin. Di ve qonaxe de kromozom weki kromozomen metafaze (bi inglizi: metaphase chromosome ) ten navkirin. Kromozoma metafaze ji du niven hevcot pek te, ji van nivan re te gotin kromatid. Ji qonaxa metafaze heta destpeka qonaxa anafaze, kromotiden xwi?k bi navbeynkariya sentromere bi hevre giredayi ne. Ji qonaxa S-ya interfaze ?unve heta dawiya qonaxa anafaze, la?exaneyen mirov 46 kromozom le 92 kromatid lixwe digirin. [16]

Sentromer [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Cora kromozoman li gor cihe sentromere.
  Gotara bingehin: Sentromer

Xala ko herdu kromatid bi hev re ten giredan weki sentromer (navendebe?) te navkirin. Sentromer be?ek ji zincira ADN-ye ye ko dema dabe?buna xaneye de ji bo kinetokoran weki xala giredane kar dike. [8]

Kromozoma asayi yek sentromer lixwe digire. [17] Sentromer di destpeka qonaxa anafaza mitoze u anafaza duyem a miyoze de ji hev diqetin. [6]

Li gor cihe sentromere, kromozoman dabe?e car coran dibe.

1. Kromozomen metasentrik

2. Kromozomen telosentrik

3. Kromozomen akrosentrik

4. Kromozomen submetasentrik

Be?en kromozome yen ji herdu aliyen sentromere direj dibin,weki “mil”(bi inglizi: arm ) ten navkirin. Milen kromozoman, li gor cihe sentromere weki milen kurt an ji milen direj ten navkirin. Mile picuk (kurt) bi tipa “p” te ni?ankirin (bi inglizi petite = picuk). Ji ber ko di alfabeye de li pey tipa “p”, tipa “q” te, mile direj ji bi tipa “q” te ni?ankirin. [3]

Telomer [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

  Gotara bingehin: Telomer

Li herdu seren kromozoman de, di be?a kotahiye de molekula ADN-ye rezek taybet a zincira nukleotidan lixwe digire, ev be?a ADN-ye weki telomer te navkirin. Telomer ji dubarebuna zincirek kurt a nukleotidan pek te. Di be?a telomere de gen cih nagirin. Her telomerek mirov bi dubarebuna zincira ?e? nukleotidan, ji TTAGGG pek te. [15] Dibe ko di telomere de zincira TTAGGG 100 heta 1000 caran li pey hev dubare bibe.Telomer (ADN-ya telomeri) genen zindewere ji windabune dipareze. [18]

Karyotip [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

  Gotara bingehin: Karyotip
Di xaneyen kesen bi sendroma Down de 47 kromozom heye.

Weneyen bi mikroskopa ronaki hatiye girtin ko te de coten kromozoman li gor qebare, direji, ?ewe u cihe sentromeren xwe, ji cota direj ber bi cota kurt ve rezbuyi hatiye ni?ankirin, weki karyotip (bi inglizi: karyotype ) te navkirin. [19] [13] .Karyotip ji kromozomen metafaze te cekirin. [12]

Karyotipa mirov de, 22 cote kromozomen la? li gor qebareyen xwe, ji qebareya gir ber bi qebareya picuk ve ten rezkirin. Li gor ve rezkirine, cota kromozomen heri gir (direj) weki kromozomen yekem, cota kromozomen heri picuk (kurt) ji weki kromozomen 22yem ten navkirin. Bi rebaza karyotipe, mirov dikare ji ?eweye neasayi an ji hejmara neasayi (kemasi an ji zedehi) ya kromozoman agahdar bibe. Hin nexwe?iyen bomaweyi bi karyotipe ten te?xiskirin. Weki minak, kesen bi nexwe?iya sendroma Down in, ji kromozoma 21em ne cotek le se kromozom lixwe digirin. [19]

Cavkani [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

  1. ^ a b Cullen, K. E. (2009).Encyclopedia of Life Science. Newyork: Facts On File, Inc
  2. ^ arper, Douglas. “Etymology of chromosome.” Online Etymology Dictionary, [1] Accessed 6 December, 2022.
  3. ^ a b c Rye, C., Wise, R., Jurukovski, V., Desaix, J., Choi, J., & Avissar, Y. (2017).Biology. Houston, Texas : OpenStax College, Rice University,
  4. ^ Losos, J., Mason, K., Johnson,G., Raven, P., & Singer, S. (2016). Biology (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
  5. ^ David P. Clark, ... Michelle R. McGehee, in Molecular Biology (Third Edition), 2019
  6. ^ a b c Simon, E. J., Dickey, J.L., Reece, J. B., & Burton, R. A. (2018).Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (6th ed.). Newyork, United States: Pearson.
  7. ^ Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Morgan, D., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2014). Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). NY: Garland Science.
  8. ^ a b Clark, D. P. (2005). Molecular biology. Elsevier Academic Press.ISBN: 0-12-175551-7
  9. ^ a b c Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "chromosome".Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Sep. 2022, [2] . Accessed 29 November 2022.
  10. ^ Allison, L. (2007). Fundamental Molecular Biology. Blackwell Publishing Limited.
  11. ^ Mader, S., & Windelspecht, M. (2017). Human Biology (15th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
  12. ^ a b Solomon, E., Martin, C., Martin, D., & Berg, L. (2015).Biology. Stamford: Cengage Learning.
  13. ^ a b Brooker, R., Widmaier, E., Graham, L., & Stiling, P. (2017). Biology (4th ed.).
  14. ^ a b Waugh, A., Grant, A., Chambers, G., Ross, J., & Wilson, K. (2014).Ross and Wilson anatomy and physiology in health and illness (12th ed.). Edinburg: Elsevier.
  15. ^ a b Berk, A., Kaiser, C. A., Lodish, H., Amon, A., Ploegh, H., Bretscher, A., & Krieger, M. (2005). Molecular Cell Biology (5th ed.). CA.
  16. ^ a b Betts, J., Desaix, P., Johnson, E., Johnson, J., Korol, O., & Kruse, D. et al. (2017). Anatomy & physiology. Houston, Texas: OpenStax College, Rice University,
  17. ^ Lawrence, E. (2005). Hendersons dictionary of biology. Harlow: Pearson/Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-127384-9
  18. ^ Campbell, N. A., & Reece, J. B. (2008). Biology (8th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company.
  19. ^ a b Parker, N., Schneegurt, M., Tu, A. T., Forster, B. M., & Lister, P. (2016). Microbiology. Houston, Texas: Rice University.


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