Gurcik

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Gurcik (bi inglizi: kidney ) endamen sereki yen koendama deravetine ya mirov u ajalen birrbirredar e. [1]

Li gel erke deravetine, gurcik hormon berhem dike, hevsengiya ava la?, hevsengiya ozmosa la?, hevsengiya iyonen xwine u rekxistina asta pH ya la? dabin dike. [1] Cotek gurcik li aliye pa?i ye zikekelene de li jere navpencike de li herdu aliyen birrbirreya pi?te de cih digirin. Di la?e mirov de gurcika aliye raste ji ber ?eweya kezebe , ji gurcika aliye cepe bi qasi 2 cm nizimtir e. [2] [3] Gurcik ji asta birrbirreya 12min a singe heta birrbirreya 3yemin a keleke direj dibin. [4]

?ewe u pekhateya gurcikan [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Gurcik bi ?eweye fasuli u bi renge sor a qehweyi ne. Qebareya gurcikek mirov bi qasi kulma mirov e. [3] Giraniya gurcikek mirov bi qasi 100 gram e. Direjiya gurcike biqasi 12 cm, pani (firehi) ya we bi qasi 6.5 cm u sturiya we ji 2.5 cm e. [2]

Be?en jor u jer en gurcike weki cemser ten navkirin. Li ser cemsera jore ya her gurcikek de rijenek adrenal cih digire. Rijene adrenal endamen koendama mize nin in, le bi berhemkirin u derdana hormona aldosterone , gurcikan han dikin bo dubaremijina sodyume. [5]

Be?a gurcike ya li aliye birrbirreye rucal (bi inglizi: concave ) e u weki hilum (bi latini: hilum ) te navkirin. [6] Be?a rucal a herdu gurcikan rubiruye hev de cih digirin. Luleyen xwine , luleyen limfe , demar u borrimiz bi reya hilume derbase gurcike dibin an ji ji gurcike der dikevin. [4]

Birgeha direjki ya gurcika mirov.

Gurcik bi qa?ile gurcike dapo?rav e. Qa?ile gurcike qa?ilek zexm e u ji bestere?aneya ri?ali pek te. [3] Qa?ile gurcike bi cinek cewri dapo?rav e. Cewri mina balifek gurcikan dipecin u wan ji darbeyen hawirdore diparezin. [5]

Birgeha direjki ya gurcika mirov li aliye derve ji tukila gurcike (bi inglizi: renal cortex ), li aliye navi ji kiroka gurcike (bi inglizi: renal medulla ) pek te. Gurzen lulek u mululeyen gurcike di herdu be?en gurcikede cih digirin. Tukila gurcike ji ber mululeyen xwine , daniki ye u bi renge sore qehweyi xuya dibe. Kiroka gurcike ji ber hebuna lulek u mululeyan, xeziki xuya dibe. [7]

Nefron yekeya parzunkirine ya gurcikan e u pekhateyek luleki (bi inglizi: tubule )ye. Nefron ji tukile dadike?in nav kiroka gurcike u ji kiroke ji disa hildike?in nav tukila gurcike. Di her gurcikek mirov de bi qasi milyonek nefron u gellek cogen berhevkirine hene. Direjiya lulek u cogen nav gurcike bi qasi 80 km ye. [8]

Ji tukile ber bi kiroka gurcike, stunen gurcike (bi inglizi: renal columns ) direj dibin. Stunen gurcike ji bestere?aneye pek te, di navbera qoceken gurcikan de direj dibin u qoceken gurcike ji hev cihe dikin. [5] Kirok ji 8 heta 15 qoceken gurcike(bi inglizi: renal pyramid) pek te. [7] Stunen gurcike, cihe giredan u desteke ye ji bo luleyen xwine yen ji tukile derbas dibin. Gurcik ji aliye stunen gurcikan ve dabe?e 6 heta 8 pilan dibe. [5]

Li sere qoceken gurcike de gockeyen gurcike ( bi latini : renal papilla) hene, miza di nav gurcik de cedibe, bi navbeynkariya cogen berhevkirine, ji gockeyen gurcike derbase hewza gurcike (bi inglizi: renal pelvis ) dibe. Hewza gurcike pekhateyek bi ?eweye kovik e u bi borrimize ve giredayi ye. [9]

Gihandina xwine di gurcikan de [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Di her dilledaneke de %25e xwina ji dil hatiye pompekirin, bo gurcikan te ?andin. [10] Xwin di nav gurcikan de di nav tora luleyen xwine de diherrike.

1. Xwina nav xwinbera sereke (?axwinber) bi nabeynkariya xwinbera gurcike derbasi nav gurcike dibe.

2. Xwinbera gurcike ?ax dide bo xwinberen pila (lobe) gurcike, bi vi awaye xwin digihije qoceken gurcike. Ji xwinberen pila gurcike, xwinberen he ziravtir ber bi navbera qocekan direj dibin, ji vana re te gotin xwinberen navbera pilan. [11]

3. Xwinberen navbera pilan xwine digihijinin tukile gurcike. Li tukil, xwinber he pirtir ?ax didin u dibin xwinberoka hati, xwinberoka derketi u mululeyen xwine. Xwinberoka hati xwine digihijine giloka mululeyan ( glomerul ), xwinberoka derketi ji xwine ji gloka mululeyan dur dixe.

4.Xwina parzunbuyi bi navbeynkariya xwinberoken derketi ji giloka mululeyan ber bi xwinheneren navbera pilan. ji wir ji derbas dibe nav xwinheneren pila. Xwinheneren pilan ji digihijin hev u weki xwinhenera gurcike ji gurcike derdikevin, bi vi awaye xwina parzunbuye tevle xwinhenera sereke ya jerin dibe. [12]

Erken Gurcikan [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Kare sereki yen gurcikan rekxistina ?ileya derveye xaneyan (plazma u ?ileya navber) e. Hevsengiya ?ileya hawirdora navi bi cekirina mize te dabinkirin. [7]

Gurcik gava mize ji xwine parzun dike;

1. Qebareya plazmaye u pestoya xwine,

2. Xestiya pa?mayiyen nav plazmaye,

3. Xestiya iyonen weki sodyum, potasyum u bikarbonata nav plazmaye,

4. Asta pH ya plazmaye

ji rek dixe [7]

Koendam mize ji gurcik, borrrimiz, mizdank u mizere pek te.

1. Erken bo hevsengiya naveki [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Dabinkirina hevsengiya naveki kare sereki ye gurcikan e. Hevsengiya naveki bi cebuna mize ru dide. Bi cebuna mize gurcik hin calakiyan la? rek dixe, bi vi awaye hevsengiya neveki dabin dike.

A. Deravetina madeyen pa?mayi [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Ji ber zindecalakiyan di la? de madeyen pa?mayi an ji madeyen beker peyda dibe evan madeyan ji aliye gurcikan ve ji la? te deravetin.

Hin pa?mayiyen ten deravetine;

a. Ure (pa?mayiya metabolizmaya asiden amini )

b. Asida ureyi (pa?mayiya metabolizmaya asiden nukleyi)

c. Kreatin (pa?mayiya metabolizmaya masulkeyan )

d. Bilirubin (pa?mayiya hilwe?ina hemoglobine )

e. Pa?mayiyen ji metabolizmaya madeyen din. [13]

Gurcik li gel van madeyan madeyen kimyayi yen ziyanbex? en weki jehr, derman, metalen giran u hvd ji derdaveje. [13]

B. Dabinkirina hevsengiya ave. [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Gava av di la? de zede be, gurcik ave di nav mize de an ji bi xwedane ji la? dur dixe. Le heke di la? de av kem bibe, re li ber deravetina ave digire, ave di la? de dihele. Bi vi awaye hevsengiya naveki ya ave dabin dike. Hevsengiya ave bi navbeynkariya hormona dijemiztin te dabinkirin. Gava di la? de asta ave kem be, ji hipofize derdana hormona dijemiztin (bi inglizi: antidiuretic hormone ) (ADH) ) zedetir dibe. ADH bi navbeynkariya xwine digihije gurcikan. ADH di gurcikan de dubaremijina ave dide zedekirin. Ji luleken nefronan u ji cogen berhevkirine, av ji mize cihe dibe, tevle xwine dibe. Bi vi awaye re li ber kembuna ava la? te girtin. Miza kemav a bi xestiyek bilind u bi renge zere tari ji la? te deravetin. Le heke di la? de asta ave bilind be, derdana ADH te kemkirin. Dubaremijina ave te kemkirin, ava zede di nav miza ron a bi renge zere vekiri ji la? te deravetin. [14]

C. Dabinkirina hevsengiya elektrolidan [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Heke xestiya osmozi ya ava la? kem bibe, gurcik sodyume di la? de digire, le heke xestiya osmozi ya ava la? zede bibe ve gave gurcik sodyume ji la? daveje.

D. Dabinkirina hevsengiya pH ye [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

pH ya xwine dive li derdora 7.4 be u pir neguhere. Di la? de ji ber zindecalakiyan, asidiya hawirdora navi zede dibe. Gurcik u pi?ik re li ber zedebuna asidiya la? digirin. [13]

Iyonen bikarbonat (HCO 3 ? ) u iyonen hidrojene(H + ) kar dikin bo dabinkirina hevsengiya pH ya xwine. Heke asidiya xwine bilind bibe, ango pH ya xwine ji 7.4e nizimtir bibe, ji luleken nefronan dubaremijina iyonen bikarbonate zede dibe, iyonen hidrojene bi derdane ji xwine ber bi luleken nefronan te avetin u di nav mize de ji la? te durxistin bi vi awaye asidiya xwine kem dibe, pH ya xwine ber 7.4e bilind dibe. Na heke pH ya xwine ji 7.4e bilintir bibe, ve gave dubaremijina iyonen bikarbonate te kemkirin, iyonen bikarbonate tevle mize ji la? te deravetin. Herwisa derdana iyonen hidrojene ji te kemkirin. Ev rew? dibe sedema kembuna alkalibuna xwine u pH ya xwine ber bi 7.4 e dadikeve. [11]

2. Erke cekirina xwine [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Gurcik hormona eritropoietin (bi latini: erythropoietin ) der dide, ev hormon cebuna xiroken sor han dide. Herwisa gurcik hormona trombopoietin (bi latini: thrombopoietin ) ji der dide bo berhemkirina periken xwine . [13]

3. Erke derdane [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Gurcik gellek hormon der dide. Hormonen gurcike;

Eritropoietin ( erythropoietin ): Bo berhemkirina xiroken sor

Trombopoietin( thrombopoietin ): Bo berhemkirina periken xwine

Renin ( renin ): Hormona renin hin caran weki enzim ji te navkirin. Renin bo bilindkirina pestoya xwine kar dike. [4]

Kalsitriol ( calcitriol ): Bo zedekirina rejeya kalsiyuma xwine.

Prostaglandin ( prostaglandins ): bo zedekirina deravetina xweye. Bandor li calakiya renin u eritropoietine dike. [15]

Gaven cebuna mize di gurcikan de [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Miz ji pekhateyen nav xwine, di nefronen gurcikan de cedibe. Pevajoya cebuna mize bi se qonaxan ru dide: parzunkirin, dubaremijin u derdan.

1. Parzunkirin (bi inglizi: filtration ):

Xwin di nefronen gurcikan de te parzunkirin. Ji bili xaneyen xwine u proteinen plazmaye, pirraniya pekhateyen plazmaya xwine , ji mululeyen xwine derbasi nav luleken nefronan dibe. [16]

2. Dubaremijin (bi inglizi: reabsorption )

Dubaremijin, tevgera bijarti ya madeyen biker en nav luleken nefronan e. Gluko z, asiden amini, hin cor iyon u av bi dubaremijine ji luleken nefronan derbasi nav ?ileya derveyi, ji wir ji dikeve nav mululeyen xwine yen derdora luleken nefronan. Madeyen beker an ji ziyanbex? di luleken nefronan de diminin u ber bi cogen berhevkirine diherrikin. Dubaremijin bi guhaztina calak an ji bi guhaztina necalak ru dide. [16]

3. Derdan (bi inglizi: secretion ):

Derdan, tevgera madeyan a ji xwine ber bi ?ileya derveyi (bi inglizi: extracellular fluid )ye. Madeyen hatine derdan ji ?ileya derveyi derbasi luleken nefronan dibin. Bi gelemperi madeyen jehri bi derdane ji xwine ten durxistin. [16]

Nexwe?iyen gurcike [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Nexwe?iya ?ekir , xwina bi pestoya bilind, gireken li gurcike, hin derman, kulbuna nefronan an ji xwina bi pestoya nizm u zanyariya bomaweyi ya mirov hin sedemen sereki ne bo nexwe?iya gurcikan. Dibe ko hin caran gurcikek mirov ji kar bikeve, mirov dikare bi gurcikek sax ji biji.

Kevire gurcikan [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Ji ber hin cor xurek , kem av vexwarin, qelewi u zanyariyen bomaweyi, li mirov de egera tu?buna nexwe?iya keviren gurcike ru dide. Iyonen nav mize yekdigirin, pekhateyak bi ?eweye kristali peyda dibe, ji ve pakhateye re te gotin kevire gurcike(bi inglizi: kidney stone ). Bi gelemperi di hewza gurcikan de ji ber zedebuna xestiye, hin xweyen nav mize telp dibin u weki keviren hurik di hewze gurcike de an ji di borrimize de berhev dibin. Keviren gurcike bi gelemperi ji kalsiyum okzalat an ji asida ureyi pek ten. [12] Qebareya keviren gurcike guharbar e.

Diyaliza gurcikan [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Hin caran li mirov de sistiya gurcikan an ji tekcuna gurcikan ru dide. Di rew?ek wisa da gurcik tera xwe kare paqijkirina xwine u dabinkirina hevsengiya naveki nake. Ji bo miroven bi ve nexwe?iye, li dewsa gurciken mirov, gurcikek destkar te bikaranin. Ev rew? weki diyaliz, hemodiyaliz an ji diyaliza gurcke te navkirin. Xwina mirove nexwe? li derveye la? di makineya diyalize de te parzunkirin u paqijkirin.

Makineya diyaliza gurcike bi esle xwe gurcikek destkari e. Madeyen pa?mayi u yen beker di makineya diyalize de ji xwine ten cihe kirin. Herwisa heke di xwine de kemasiya hin madeyan hebe, madeyen pewist ji disa di makineya diyalize de tevle xwine dibin. Bi vi awaye xwina paqij a bi pH ya guncav ji makineya diyalize vedigere nav la?e nexwe?e. [17]

Miroven nexwe? bi gelemperi hefteyek de se car bi diyaliza gurcikan xwina xwe dide paqijkirin. Le ji bo hin nexwe?an, pediviya diyalize roje carek e. [18]

Candiniya gurcik ji bex?ere tendurist [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Hin caran li herdu gurciken mirov ji tek?ikestin ru dide. Di rew?ek wisa da careseriya heri ba? candiniya gurcik e. Ji mirovek tendurist u guncav gurcikek te girtin u weki gurcika seyem di la?e nexwe?e gurcike de te candin. Ji bo candinek serkefti, dive zanyariyen bomaweyi (genetik) ye bex?inere gurcik u ye gurcikwergir li hev werin, an na lihevnehatina ?aneyan ru dide. Bi gelemperi gurciken endamen heman malbate li aliye bomaweyi de he pirtir di?ibin hev, loma ?aneyen gurcika bex?iner u ?aneyen gurcikwergir en heman malbate ji he pirtir lihevhati ne. [3]

Cavkani [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

  1. ^ a b Cullen, K. E. (2009).Encyclopedia of Life Science. Newyork: Facts On File, Inc
  2. ^ a b McKinley, M., & O'Loughlin, V. (2011). Human Anatomy (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
  3. ^ a b c d Mader, S., & Windelspecht, M. (2017). Human Biology (15th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
  4. ^ a b c Waugh, A., Grant, A., Chambers, G., Ross, J., & Wilson, K. (2014).Ross and Wilson anatomy and physiology in health and illness (12th ed.). Edinburg: Elsevier.
  5. ^ a b c d Betts, J., Desaix, P., Johnson, E., Johnson, J., Korol, O., & Kruse, D. et al. (2017). Anatomy & physiology. Houston, Texas: OpenStax College, Rice University,
  6. ^ Rye, C., Wise, R., Jurukovski, V., Desaix, J., Choi, J., & Avissar, Y. (2017).Biology. Houston, Texas : OpenStax College, Rice University,
  7. ^ a b c d Fox, Stuart Ira.Human Physiology. McGraw-Hill Education, 2016.
  8. ^ Campbell, N. A., & Reece, J. B. (2008). Biology (8th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company.
  9. ^ Solomon, E., Martin, C., Martin, D., & Berg, L. (2015).Biology. Stamford: Cengage Learning.
  10. ^ Costanzo, Linda S. Physiology. Sixth edition, Elsevier, 2018.
  11. ^ a b Guyton, A. and Hall, J., 2011.Guyton And Hall Textbook Of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
  12. ^ a b Ireland, K. A. (2010). Visualizing Human Biology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  13. ^ a b c d Sembulingam, K., and Prema Sembulingam. Essentials of Medical Physiology. 6th ed., Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2012.
  14. ^ Simon, E. J., Dickey, J.L., Reece, J. B., & Burton, R. A. (2018).Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (6th ed.). Newyork, United States: Pearson.
  15. ^ Henderson, Jenny, and Ian W. Henderson. “The Endocrine Functions of the Kidney.” Journal of Biological Education (Society of Biology) , vol. 28, no. 4, Winter 1994, p. 245. [1]
  16. ^ a b c Losos, J., Mason, K., Johnson,G., Raven, P., & Singer, S. (2016). Biology (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
  17. ^ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "dialysis". Encyclopedia Britannica , 9 Dec. 2021, [2] Accessed 6 April 2022.
  18. ^ Starr, C., & McMillan, B. (2010). Human Biology (8th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
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