한국   대만   중국   일본 
???????? - ????????? ???????? ????

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Bitter melon
Scientific classification
?????????:
Plantae
(???????????????):
Angiosperms
(???????????????):
Eudicots
(???????????????):
Rosids
??:
Cucurbitales
??????:
Cucurbitaceae
???:
Momordica
???????:
M. charantia
Binomial name
Momordica charantia
Descourt.
???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????

?????????? ??????? , ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???,???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? , ??????? , ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????????. ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????. ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????????.

??? ?????????????? ?????????????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????????????. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???.

???????? ???????? ??????????, ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????????, ??? ????? (苦瓜 "????????", ?????? ?????????), ???? ???? ???? ??? ( ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????????), ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? , ???? (ゴ?ヤ?) ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ), ????????? ((?????????, ?????????? ), ???? ???? ?????? ( ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????), ?????? (?????? ?????), ?????? ???? ,(?????? ????) ???? ?? ???? ( ???????????? ????? ?? ????), ???????? ?????????? ( ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????), ???? ????? ??????? (????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????).

?????? [ ???????? ]

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??? ????? ????,? ??????????, ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????. ??? ??????, ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????. ????? ??????, ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????????. ????? ?????????????, ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???????????, ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ?????????.

?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????????????. ??? ???????????? ???????????????. ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????????. ???????? ??????????? ????????????, ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????. ? ????????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????. ??? ????????, ????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ??????????????, ??? ??????????????. ????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????????; ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????????????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????.

????? ??????????????????, ?????? ????????, ?????? ????????????, ???? ??????? ??? ????????????????. ??????????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????????; ? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????????.

????? ??????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????, ???? ????? ???????? ????????????????.?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????????.

?????????? [ ???????? ]

?????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????????. ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????????.????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????????, ???? ??????? ?????????, ?????????? ????????????? ???? ????? ???? ????????????. ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????????, ???? ???? ???????, ???????????? "?????" ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????????. ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????????. ? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???-??????? ????????????. ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ??????????. ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????????.

???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????

?????????? ???? [ ???????? ]

???? ???? ?????? ????????(??????? ?????) ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????(??????? ??????)
Bitter gourd (boiled, drained, no salt)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
???? ?????? 79 kJ (19 kcal)
????? ????? 4.32 g
- ?????? 1.95 g
- ???? ???? 2.0 g
?????? 0.18 g
- saturated 0.014 g
- monounsaturated 0.033 g
- polyunsaturated 0.078 g
Protein 0.84 g
???? 93.95 g
Vitamin A equiv. 6 μg (1%)
Thiamine (vit. B 1 ) 0.051 mg (4%)
Riboflavin (vit. B 2 ) 0.053 mg (4%)
Niacin (vit. B 3 ) 0.280 mg (2%)
Vitamin B 6 0.041 mg (3%)
Folate (vit. B 9 ) 51 μg (13%)
Vitamin B 12 0 μg (0%)
Vitamin C 33.0 mg (40%)
??????? ? 0.14 mg (1%)
??????? ?? 4.8 μg (5%)
?????????? 9 mg (1%)
?????? ???? 0.38 mg (3%)
?????????? 16 mg (5%)
???? 36 mg (5%)
???????? 319 mg (7%)
?????? 6 mg (0%)
??? 0.77 mg (8%)
Percentages are roughly approximated
using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database
???????????? ????????? ???? ???? ???

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????????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????. ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????.(??????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????), ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????????.

??? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????????. ????? ?????????, ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????????, ???? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????, ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ??????? ????????????. ?????? ??????????????, ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? / ?????? ??????????? (????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????), ????? (????? ?????????????? ??????????????) ???? ???? (??? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????????????) ????? ????????????. ??? ??????? ???????????, ?????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????????? ??????????????.?????? ????? ?????? (??????? ????? ??????), ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????, ????????????? ?????????? ???????, ????? ?????????? ????, ??????? ????, ?????, ????? ????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????. ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????, ???????, ?????? ??????? ??????????????, ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ????, ???? , ????? , ???? ?????? ???????( ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????????????) ?????????????.

?????????? ????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????. ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????. ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????? ????????????.

???????????????, ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????, ????????? ???-??? , ???? ?????? ??????????????. ??????????? ????????? ??????????????, ???? ???????? ??????????????.

??????????????, ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????. ???????????, ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????????. ?????? "??????? ?????????" ?????? ???????????? ?? ????????????. ? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ?????????????,????????? ??????????? ???????????????. ????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? "?????"(???) ??? ??????? ????? ????????????.

?????????? ?????, ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? (????,?????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ) ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????????, ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ????????????. ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????, ????????? ????????, ???????? , ?????????, ???? ??????????, ?????????, ???? ??????, (??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????.)???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????????????.

??????????, ????? ???? ?????????, ???????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????????. ? ????????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????, ?????????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ????????????????. ??? ?????????, ????????, ?????? ?????????? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????, ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????.

?????????? ???? ???????? ?????, ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???????, ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????????? ??? ?????? ???????????????? ??????????????.

????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

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? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????????? ?????????. ????????? ???????????? ???? II, ???? ????????????? B. [?] ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ( ??????? ??????????, ???????, ????????? ???, ????????????? ???, ?????????????? ??? ??????), ???? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????.(??????? ????????????-??, ??????????????, ??????????????, ????????????, ???? ?????????? ??? ??????.) [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] ??? ???????? ????????????(???????? ???????????) ???????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????????. [??]

????????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

???? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????, ?????????? ???? ????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????. ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ?????????? ????????????. [ ????? ??????? ???? ] ???????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????????? [ ????? ??????? ???? ] ???????????????? ??????????????, ??????? ? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? [ ????? ??????? ???? ] .

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?????????????, ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????. ???? ??? ????, ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????? ??????????. [?]

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?????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????. [ ????? ??????? ???? ] ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ????????????????. ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ? ????????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????????. ????????? ?????????, ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????-????????? ????? ????????????????? ??????????, ??????? ????????? ????? ???????????????? ????????????. [??]

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???? ?????, ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????????? ??????????????? ????????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????. ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????. [?]

???????????????? ?????????? HIV ??????? ?????????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????. [??] HIV ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????, ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????????. ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????????, ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? HIV ???????? ????????????????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????????, ??? HIV ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????????????,???? ?????????. ???? ???? ?????????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ? ??????? ???????????????? ????????????. [??]

?????????? ??????????? [ ???????? ]

???? ????????? ?????????, ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????????? ?????????????, ???? ? ????????(??????) ????????? ???? HIV ?????????? ?????????????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????. [ ????? ??????? ???? ] ???????, ? ?????????? ????? ???????????.

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?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????. [ ????? ??????? ???? ] ????? ? ??????????? ??? ???????????, ? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? [ ????? ??????? ???? ] .

???? ?????????, ????????? ???? ????, ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????????. ???? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ??????. [??] ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ?????????. [??] ?????????? ????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????? ????? ??????????. [??] ???????? ????????????? ??? ??????, ????????? ?????? ????????, ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ??? mg????? ?????? ????, ??????? ???? ???? ??????????????????? ?.? mg/kg ????????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????. [??] ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????????????, ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ????????????. [??]

???????????????? ??? ?????????? AMPK?????(??????????? ???????? ?????) ???????????????????? ????? ?????????. ??? ???????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? (????????? ???? ???????? ?????????) ???????. [??] [??] [??] [??] [??]


??????????, ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????-?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????(??? ????????????????? ?????? ???????????) ?? ?????????. ? ????????, ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????. ??? ??????, ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????????. ? ????????, ????????????? ???? ???? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????. [ ????? ??????? ???? ]

????????? ????????? [ ???????? ]

????????????? ???? ????????????, α-????????????? ???? (????????) ???? ??,??-?? ?????????? -α-????????????? ??????? (?????????) ???????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????. [??] ?????? ?.??%????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? (?.???% as α-????????????? ????????) ?????????, ????????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????. [??]

???? ???????? [ ???????? ]

????????????? ????, ???????, ???????, ???????????, ???????? ????? ????????, ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????. ?????? ????? ????????????? ??????????????, ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????????????. [?] ????? ????? ???? ??????, ????, ????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????. ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????????????.

????????????? [ ???????? ]

????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????????, ????????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????. ??? ?????????, ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????, ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????. [??]

?????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

  • ?????? ?????????, ???????? & ??????? ???????? ?????
  • ?????????? ??????????????? (???)
  • ?????????? ???????? (?????? ????)
  • ?????????? ??????
  • ?????????? ??????????

?????????? [ ???????? ]

???? [ ???????? ]

  • ಸಸ್ಯ
    ????
  • ಎಲೆಗಳು ಹಾಗು ಹೂವು
    ?????? ???? ????
  • ಹೂವುಗಳು
    ???????
  • ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಹೂವು
    ?????? ????
  • ಗಂಡು ಹೂವು
    ???? ????
  • ಇನ್ನು ಪಕ್ವವಾಗದ ಹಣ್ಣು
    ????? ???????? ?????
  • ಅಪಕ್ವ ಹಣ್ಣುಗಳು
    ????? ????????
  • ಬೀಜಗಳು
    ??????

???????? ???? ??? ??????? [ ???????? ]

  • ಹಾಗಲಕಾಯಿಯ ಹಣ್ಣು, ಸ್ವಚ್ಛಗೊಳಿಸುವುದರ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಕತ್ತರಿಸಿದ್ದಲ್ಲದೇ ಅಡುಗೆಗೆ ಸಿದ್ಧವಾಗಿದೆ.
    ????????? ?????, ???????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????????.
  • ಕವೊಹ್ಸಿಯುಂಗ್, ತೈವಾನ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ಹುರಿಯಲಾದ ಹಾಗಲಕಾಯಿಗಳು.
    ????????????, ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????.
  • ಇಂಡೋನೆಷಿಯನ್ ಶೈಲಿಯ ಹಾಗಲಕಾಯಿ ತಿನಿಸು, ಸಂಬಲ್, ಈರುಳ್ಳಿ, ಹಾಗು ಕೆಂಪು ಮೆಣಸಿನಕಾಯಿ ಮೆಣಸಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಸಿದ್ಧಪಡಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
    ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????, ?????, ???????, ???? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????????????.
  • ಹಾಗಲಕಾಯಿಯ ಪೂರಕ ಆಹಾರ ಕ್ಯಾಪ್ಸ್ಯೂಲ್ ಗಳು.
    ????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???.

????????? [ ???????? ]

  1. ↑ ??.??. ??????? ???? ???. ??. ?????(????), ?????????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? : ? ?????? . ?????? ??? ???????????????, ????? ??, ?????? ?, ?????? ?????? PubMed doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.035
  2. ↑ ?.? ?.? ?.? ?.? ????? ????????, ????????? ???????????, ?????? ???????, ???? ??????, ??????? ?? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ??. ???? ????????(????), ????????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????(?????????????????) ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ??? ???????????????, ????? ??, ????????? ?-?, ?????? ??-??. doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.009
  3. ↑ ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????(????) ????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????? - ? ?????? Archived 2010-08-20 ???????? ?????? ?????. ????????????? ?????? ??? ??????, ????? ?, ?????? ?, ?????? ??-??.
  4. ↑ ??????????? ??????, ?????? ?????, ???????? ??????, ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ??????(????), ???? ?????????????? ????????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? . ?????? ??? ????????? ???????????, ????? ??, ?????? ?, ?????? ????-????
  5. ↑ ????? ????, ??????? ??????, ???? ??? ????????, ??????? ????, ????? S. ????, ???? ???????? ?????(????), ?????????????, ? ????????, ???? ? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? . ??????????????, ????? ??, ?????? ?, ?????? ????-????.
  6. ↑ H. ?????, Y. ???????, ???? T. ??????(????). ??????? ??? ?? ??????????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? L.' ??????? ?????????? ????????, ????? ??, ?????? ??, ?????? ????-????
  7. ↑ ?????? ?????, ???????? ??????, ?????? ?????, ???????? ?????, ????? ??????, ?????? ???????, ???????? ????????, ???? ??????? ??????(????) ??????????????-???? ????????????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? .' ?????? ??? ????????? ???????????, ????? ??, ?????? ?, ?????? ???-???. doi : 10.1021/np040218p
  8. ↑ ??-? ?????, ????-????? ????, ????-???? ??????, ???????-????? ?????, ??-???? ???? ???? ?????-???? ??(????). ??????????????-???? ????????????????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? .' ?????? ??? ????????? ???????????, ????? ??, ?????? ?, ?????? ?????????. doi : 10.1021/np070532u .
  9. ↑ ???????? ???????, ????? ????, ??????? ??????, ???????? ?????, ???????? ??????, ????? ??????, ?????? ?????, ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????(????), ??????????????-???? ????????????????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????????????? ?????????.' ?????? ??? ????????? ???????????, ????? ??, ?????? ????-????. doi : 10.1021/np068075p
  10. ↑ ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????(????), [nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/?????????20/17/4662.pdf ?????????? II, ? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????, ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????????] ?????????? ??????? ???????, ????? ??, ?????? ??, ??? ????.
  11. ↑ Waako PJ, Gumede B, Smith P, Folb PI (May 2005). "The in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. and Momordica foetida Schumch. Et Thonn" . J Ethnopharmacol . 99 (1): 137?43. doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2005.02.017 . PMID   15848033 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  12. ↑ Jiratchariyakul W, Wiwat C, Vongsakul M; et al. (June 2001). "HIV inhibitor from Thai bitter gourd" . Planta Med . 67 (4): 350?3. doi : 10.1055/s-2001-14323 . PMID   11458453 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= ( help ) ; Explicit use of et al. in: |author= ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) [ ?????????? ???? ????? ]
  13. ↑ Nerurkar PV, Lee YK, Linden EH; et al. (August 2006). "Lipid lowering effects of Momordica charantia (Bitter Melon) in HIV-1-protease inhibitor-treated human hepatoma cells, HepG2" . Br. J. Pharmacol . 148 (8): 1156?64. doi : 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706821 . PMC   1752016 . PMID   16847441 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= ( help ) ; Explicit use of et al. in: |author= ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  14. ↑ ??. ??. ????????? ???? ??. ???. ??????? ???? (????), ???? ??? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? . ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????, ????? ??, ?????? ???-???
  15. ↑ ???. ?????? ???? ??. ?????????????(????), ????????????????? ???? ?????????? ???????' } L. ?????????????? ??????, ????? ??, ?????? ???, ?????? ?????.[34] doi : 10.3109/13880208109070580
  16. ↑ Sridhar MG, Vinayagamoorthi R, Arul Suyambunathan V, Bobby Z, Selvaraj N (2008-04-01). "Bitter gourd ( Momordica charantia ) improves insulin sensitivity by increasing skeletal muscle insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation in high-fat-fed rats" . British Journal of Nutrition . 99 (04): 806. doi : 10.1017/S000711450783176X . PMID   17942003 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  17. ↑ ??.? ??.? "Ampalaya tablets out soon for diabetics" . GMANews.TV . March 27, 2007 . Retrieved August ??, ???? . {{ cite web }} : Check date values in: |accessdate= ( help )
  18. ↑ Tan, Min-Jia (21 March 2008). "Antidiabetic Activities of Triterpenoids Isolated from Bitter Melon Associated with Activation of the AMPK Pathway". Chemistry & Biology . 15 (3): 263?273. doi : 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.01.013 . PMID   18355726 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )
  19. ↑ Virdi J, Sivakami S, Shahani S, Suthar AC, Banavalikar MM, Biyani MK. (September 2003). "Antihyperglycemic effects of three extracts from Momordica charantia". J Ethnopharmacol . 88 (1): 107?11. doi : 10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00184-3 . PMID   12902059 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  20. ↑ Shetty AK, Kumar GS, Sambaiah K, Salimath PV (September 2005). "Effect of bitter gourd ( Momordica charantia ) on glycaemic status in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats". Plant Foods Hum Nutr . 60 (3): 109?12. doi : 10.1007/s11130-005-6837-x . PMID   16187012 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  21. ↑ Krawinkel MB, Keding GB (July 2006). "Bitter gourd ( Momordica Charantia ): A dietary approach to hyperglycemia". Nutr Rev . 64 (7 Pt 1): 331?7. PMID   16910221 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= ( help )
  22. ↑ Miura T, Itoh C, Iwamoto N, Kato M, Kawai M, Park SR, Suzuki I (October 2001). "Hypoglycemic activity of the fruit of the Momordica charantia in type 2 diabetic mice". J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) . 47 (5): 340?4. PMID   11814149 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  23. ↑ ????? ??????, ????? ???????-?????, ?????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????(????) α-??????????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????????????????? ??? ????? ???????????-??????????? ????????????? ??? ????? ?????? . ?????? ??? ???????????? ???? ???? ??????????, ????? ??, ?????? ??, ?????? ???????????. doi : 10.1021/jf8020877
  24. ↑ H. ??????, Y. ?????, R. ??????, M. ???????, K. ???????, T. ???? (????), ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????-?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? PPAR γ ???????????????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????????. ????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????, ????? ???, ?????? ???????.
  25. ↑ "About Herbs: Bitter Melon" . Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center . Retrieved ????-??-?? . {{ cite web }} : Check date values in: |accessdate= ( help )
  • Abascal K, Yarnell E (2005). "Using bitter melon to treat diabetes". Altern Complemen Ther . 11 (4): 179?184. doi : 10.1089/act.2005.11.179 .
  • H.K.Bakhru (1997). Foods that Heal: The Natural Way to Good Health . Orient Paperbacks. ISBN   81-222-0033-8 .
  • Baldwa VS, Bhandari CM, Pangaria A, Goyal RK (1977). "Clinical trial in patients with diabetes mellitus of an insulin-like compound obtained from plant source". Upsala J Med Sci . 82 (1): 39?41. doi : 10.3109/03009737709179057 . PMID   20078273 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )

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