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?????? ???????????? [ ???????? ]

1857 - 58 : ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? .
1858 : ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????.
1877 : ?????????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????.
1885 : ?????? ????????? ????????? ???.
1905 : ?????? ?????? .
1906 : ???????? ???? ???????
1909 : ??????-????? ?????????? .
1911 : ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ???????.
1914 : ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????.
1919 : ??????????? ???? ????????? .
1920 : ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ????????.
1921 : ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????.
1922 : ?????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ???. ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????.
1924 : ??????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ???????. (????????????)
1923 : ????? ???? ? ???? ????. ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???.
1930 : ?????? ????????? . ???? ????? ????? ????????.
1930 - 32 : 3 ????? ????? ????????
1931 : ??????? - ??????? ?????. ?????? ????? ????? ????????.
1935 : ???????? ????? ?????.
1937 : ????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ????.
1939 - 45 : ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????.
1942 : ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ? ???????.
1945 : ????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ? ???????.
1946 : ??????????????? ?????? ????? ????. ???????? ???? ?????????. ????? , ?????? ?????? ????????? ????.
1947 : ????? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? . ????????? ? ???????. ??????????? ????????.

???? [ ???????? ]

???????? ????;?????????? ??????? ???????;14 Apr, 2017 Archived 2017-04-21 ???????? ?????? ?????.
???? ???????? ??????

?????? [ ???????? ]

↑ An Advanced History of India. By Majumder, Raychoudhary, Datta.
↑ Banglapedia article Archived 2011-05-25 ???????? ?????? ?????. by Mohammad Shah
↑ Rowlatt Report (§109-110); First Spark of Revolution by A.C. Guha, pp424-434 .
↑ Official Website of the Indian National Congress, sub-link to article titled The Second World War and the Congress. http://www.aicc.org.in/the_congress_and_the_freedom_movement.htm#the Archived 2006-10-05 ???????? ?????? ?????.. URL accessed on 20-Jul-2006
↑ The Last Phase of British Sovereignty in India-1919 -1947by RRSethi MA Ph.D NewDelhi;1958
↑ Dhanjaya Bhat, Writing in The Tribune,Sunday, February 12, 2006. Spectrum Suppl. Which phase of our freedom struggle won for us Independence? Mahatma Gandhi’s 1942 Quit India movement or The INA army launched by Netaji Bose to free India or the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946? According to the British Prime Minister Clement Attlee, during whose regime India became free, it was the INA and the RIN Mutiny of February 18-23 1946 that made the British realise that their time was up in India. An extract from a letter written by P.V. Chuckraborty, former Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court, on March 30 1976, reads thus: "When I was acting as Governor of West Bengal in 1956, Lord Clement Attlee, who as the British Prime Minister in post war years was responsible for India’s freedom, visited India and stayed in Raj Bhavan Calcutta for two days`85 I put it straight to him like this: ‘The Quit India Movement of Gandhi practically died out long before 1947 and there was nothing in the Indian situation at that time, which made it necessary for the British to leave India in a hurry. Why then did they do so?’ In reply Attlee cited several reasons, the most important of which were the INA activities of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, which weakened the very foundation of the British Empire in India, and the RIN Mutiny which made the British realise that the Indian armed forces could no longer be trusted to prop up the British. When asked about the extent to which the British decision to quit India was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi’s 1942 movement, Attlee’s lips widened in smile of disdain and he uttered, slowly, ‘Minimal’." http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060212/spectrum/main2.htm.URL Archived 2018-12-16 ???????? ?????? ?????. accessed on 17-Jul-2006
↑ Majumdar, R.C., Three Phases of India's Struggle for Freedom, Bombay, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1967, pp. 58-59.There is, however, no basis for the claim that the Civil Disobedience Movement directly led to independence. The campaigns of Gandhi ... came to an ignoble end about fourteen years before India achieved independence ... During the First World War the Indian revolutionaries sought to take advantage of German help in the shape of war materials to free the country by armed revolt. But the attempt did not succeed. During the Second World War Subhas Bose followed the same method and created the INA. In spite of brilliant planning and initial success, the violent campaigns of Subhas Bose failed ... The Battles for India's freedom were also being fought against Britain, though indirectly, by Hitler in Europe and Japan in Asia. None of these scored direct success, but few would deny that it was the cumulative effect of all the three that brought freedom to India. In particular, the revelations made by the INA trial, and the reaction it produced in India, made it quite plain to the British, already exhausted by the war, that they could no longer depend upon the loyalty of the sepoys for maintaining their authority in India. This had probably the greatest influence upon their final decision to quit India.

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