??????

?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ? ???? ???, ????????? ???????? , ???? ????? ???????? ?????. ???? ? ????, ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????????, ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????????. ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????????????????????, ??? ???????? ?????????????????. ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????. ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ^[?]

???????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????, ??????? ??? ??????? D ₃ ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?.? ????? ?????????????????. ^[?] ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??,??? ???? ???,??? ??????? ????????????????. ^[?] ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????.

?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ^[?]^[?] ????? ?????? ?,??? ?????????????? ??????? ???????. ^[?] ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????. ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????????, ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ????????????????.

??????????? ?????????????? (??????????????) ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????????????????. ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ??????????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ????????? ????????. ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????. ????? ????????, ???????, ?????????? ???????? ????????????. ????? ????????? ????? ????????.

????????? [ ???????? ]

↑ "Chapter 8 ? Measurement of sunshine duration" (PDF) . CIMO Guide . World Meteorological Organization . Retrieved 2008-12-01 .
↑ Bell Burnell, S. Jocelyn (2004). An Introduction to the Sun and Stars (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780521546225 . Extract of page 56
↑ "The 8-minute travel time to Earth by sunlight hides a thousand-year journey that actually began in the core" . SunEarthDay.NASA.gov . NASA . Archived from the original on 2012-01-22 . Retrieved 2012-02-12 .
↑ Appleton, Edward V. (1945). "Departure of Long-Wave Solar Radiation from Black-Body Intensity". Nature . 156 (3966): 534?535. Bibcode : 1945Natur.156..534A . doi : 10.1038/156534b0 . S2CID 4092179 .
↑ Iqbal, M., "An Introduction to Solar Radiation", Academic Press (1983), Chap. 3
↑ NASA Solar System Exploration ? Sun: Facts & Figures Archived 2015-07-03 ???????? ?????? ?????. retrieved 27 April 2011 "Effective Temperature ... 5777 K"

[1] "Chapter 8 ? Measurement of sunshine duration" (PDF) . CIMO Guide . World Meteorological Organization . Retrieved 2008-12-01 .

[2] Bell Burnell, S. Jocelyn (2004). An Introduction to the Sun and Stars (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780521546225 . Extract of page 56

[3] "The 8-minute travel time to Earth by sunlight hides a thousand-year journey that actually began in the core" . SunEarthDay.NASA.gov . NASA . Archived from the original on 2012-01-22 . Retrieved 2012-02-12 .

[4] Appleton, Edward V. (1945). "Departure of Long-Wave Solar Radiation from Black-Body Intensity". Nature . 156 (3966): 534?535. Bibcode : 1945Natur.156..534A . doi : 10.1038/156534b0 . S2CID 4092179 .

[5] Iqbal, M., "An Introduction to Solar Radiation", Academic Press (1983), Chap. 3

[6] NASA Solar System Exploration ? Sun: Facts & Figures Archived 2015-07-03 ???????? ?????? ?????. retrieved 27 April 2011 "Effective Temperature ... 5777 K"

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