한국   대만   중국   일본 
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Systematic ( IUPAC ) name
3-[(2 S )-1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]pyridine
Clinical data
?????????? ???? D ( US )
?????? ?????? U nscheduled ( AU ) Unscheduled ( UK ) Unscheduled, but age restricted. ( US )
Dependence liability Medium to high
Routes smoked (as smoking tobacco, mapacho, etc.), insufflated (as tobacco snuff or nicotine nasal spray), chewed (as nicotine gum, tobacco gum or chewing tobacco), transdermal (as nicotine patch, nicogel or topical tobacco paste), intrabuccal (as dipping tobacco, snuffs, dissolvable tobacco or creamy snuff), vaporized (as electronic cigarette, etc.), directly inhaled (as nicotine inhaler), oral (as nicotini)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 20 to 45% (oral)
?????? hepatic
Half-life 2 hours
Identifiers
CAS ?????? 54-11-5
ATC ???? N07 BA01 QP53AX13 ( WHO )
???????? CID 942
????? ??????? DB00184
???????????? 80863
Chemical data
???????? ????? C 10 H 14 N 2  
Mol. mass 162.26 g/mol
  • C1=CC=NC=C1[C@@H]2CCCN2C
Physical data
???????? 1.01 g/cm³
????? ????? -79 °C (-110 °F)
??????? ????? 247 °C (477 °F)
  checkY   (what is this?)    (verify)

???????? ???? ???? ( ?????????? ) ????????????? ????????, 0.6?3.0% ???????? ?? ????????? [?] [?] ?????????, ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????, ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????? . ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ???????????????????; ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? [?] [?] ????? ?? ??????????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????.

????? ?????????????? (???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????), ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? (??????)? ??????-????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???????????. "???????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????" ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????. [?] ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????, ????? 1998 ????? 2005 ????? ????? ???? ?????? 1.6% ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????????. ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????. [?]

?????? ????? ????? [ ???????? ]

??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????????????. ? ???????? 1560????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????, ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????, ???? ?????? ?? ???????????? ? ??????????? ????????????????. ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? 1828????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????????. [?] ??? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? 1843????? ?????????? ??????????, [?] ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? 1893????? ??????????? ????? 1904????? ?. ???????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????. [?]

???????????? [ ???????? ]

???????? ????????? , ??????? ????????????, ??? ???(??????????) ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????????. ??????????????? ?????????? ????, ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ???? ????????????. ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????????, ????? ?????????? ??????????????, ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????????, ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? 308 K (35 °C; 95 °F) ????????? ??? ??????????????????. ? ????????, ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????; ???????, ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????????????. ??????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????. [ ????? ??????? ???? ]

??????????? ??????????? [ ???????? ]

???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????????. ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? [α] D = ?166.4° ??????? ??????????? ??????????????. ?????? ?????? ???? (+)- ????????, (?)- ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????????. ????????, ??? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????????????. [??] (+)- ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????????.

??? ??????? [ ???????? ]

????? ??? ?????? [ ???????? ]

???????? ???????? ?????????????????????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????????????????? ????? ????-??????-???????? ????? ????????? ?????????????????. ?????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????? [ ????? ??????? ???? ] ?????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????????????. [??]

????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????????????; ??????????? ??????? ???, ???????? ??????????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ? ??????????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? , ?????? ?????? , ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????????? ???? ????? ???? ????????????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? , ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????????. ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??450 ??????? ???? (???????? CYP2A6 ????, ????? ??????? ??????) ?????? ?????????????. ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????? .

??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? -???????, ?????????????, ???????? ????????????, 2-?????????????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????. [??]

?????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????, ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ? ????-????????? ?????????????. [??]

Pharmacodynamics [ ???????? ]

??????? 21?????????? ????. ? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? 50 ???? 70% ????? ?????? ?? ????????????????????????? ???????????. [??] ???? 1990?????, ???????? 93% ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??????????. [??]

???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????????????, ????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????????????. ???????? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????????, ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? (CNS) ????????????. ???????? ??????????????, ???????? ? ???????? ??????????????????? ?????????????. ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ???????.

?????? ?? ?????????????? [ ???????? ]

???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? (??????????) ????????? ????????????? - ???? ???? "?????? ????????"???? ????? ??????????????. ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ???? ??????????????. ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????. [??] ?????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????. [??]

?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? , ????????????, [??] ???????? , ???????? , ????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????????. ? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????. [??] [??] ?????? ????? ??? ??????? , ???????????????? , ????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ????????????????.

?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????4????2 * nAChR ?????? ????-??????????????? [??] [??] ???? ?????????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????. [??] ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????4????2 ????? ?????6????2 ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????. [??]

???????? ?? ???????? [ ???????? ]

???????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ????????????????????, [??] ??????? ???? ???? ???????????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????. ? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????????????, ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? (????? ?????????????????) ????????? ?????????????. ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? -?????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???????. ??? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????????. [??]

???????????? ???? ???????????? ???????????????? [ ???????? ]

???????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????????? (????????????), ???? ??????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ??????? ????, ??? ???? ??????????????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ??????-??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ? ????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? (????? ?????????????????)?? ??????? ?????????. ???????????? (?????????????)? ????????? ???? ???? , ????? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????. [??]

??????????? ???? ?????????. [??]

???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????????????, ??? ????????? 48 ?????? ??? ????????. ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????. [ ????? ??????? ???? ]

?????????? ????????? [ ???????? ]

?????????? ???? -??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????????????: ????????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????. [??] ??????????? ????? ????????????? ???? (?????????????) ???????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????????. ????????? ????????? , ?????????, ???? ?????? , ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????????. [??] ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????, ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????. [??] [??]

???? ???????? ???????????, ?????????????-????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????????????? , ????????????????? , ???????????? , ???????????? , ????????? , ???????? , ????????? ?????? , ????? ????-???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????. [??] ??????????? ????? ??????????? ? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????????????. ???????? ???????????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ????? [??] ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????. ??? ?????????????? ????? ?????????????????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????????????????? ? ??????????? ???? ?????????????????. ?????????????? ????? ????-??????????? ? ?????????????? ???? ??????????????. ???????? ?? ????-??????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????????????. ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? [??] ????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????. [??] ??????? ???????????? (????????? ???????????????????????????) 1 ???? 3 ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????????. [??]

?????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????, ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????????, ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????????. [??] ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????????. ???? ????????? ?????? ????????????, ???? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????????, ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????, ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????. ????? ????????????, ???????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????, ????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????????. ??????? ????????????, ???????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????, ? ???? ???????????, ???????-??????? (??????) ??????????? ?????????????. ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? / ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. (??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? .)

????????????, ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????????????????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????. [??] ???????, ??????????? ??????????, ???? MAOI ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ???????????????. [??]

???????? ???? , ??????????? 2-?????????? ???? 4-?????????? ???????????????????, ????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????, ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????. [ ????? ??????? ???? ]

??????? ????? ???????????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ????: Smoking cessation

???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????????. ?????????????, ???????? ??????? ??????????? - ????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????????????. [??]

??????? ??? ??????????? ???????????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????. ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ????, ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????. ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???, ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????. [ ????? ??????? ???? ] ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????, ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????-????????????? ????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????????????. ?????? ????????, ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????. ? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????, ??? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????. ??? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????????, ??? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????. [??] ? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????. ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????????. [ ????? ??????? ???? ] ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????. ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ? ????????????????? ????????????. [ ????? ??????? ???? ]

???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????, ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????????. [??]

?????????? ??????? ???????????? [ ???????? ]

????? ?????? ?? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????, ????? ????????????? ???????????????????. ????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????.

? ??????????, ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????????. ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????.

??????, ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????, ???????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????, ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????????. ? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????????. ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????????????????. [??]

?????????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ????: Nicotine poisoning

?????????? ?????? 50 ?????? ??? ????? 50 ??????/?????? ????? ?????? ????? 3 ??????/??????. 40?60 ???????. (0.5-1.0 mg/kg) ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????????. [??] [??] ????????, ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????, ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? 95.1 ???????/??????? ? LD 50 ??????????? ???????. ???????, ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? (???? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ???, ?????/???? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????????). [??] [??] ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????????. [??]

??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? (????????????) ??????, ?????? ???????? ??????????, IARC ???? ?????????????????, ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????. ????????, ?????????, ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????. ???????, ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????, ???????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????????????? ???? ???????????, ???????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ( ????? ??? ??? ) ???? ???????????. ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????, ?????????? ????????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???, ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????. [??]

?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????????, ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ???? ????????????? ???? ???? ????????????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????. [??] [ unreliable source? ]

?????????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????????? ?????? 77,000 ??????? ??????????? ??????????. ???????????????? ???? ????????? ????????-??????????? ????? ????????, ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? 60 ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????. ? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????.

??????? 1, 1990 ???? ??????????????, ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? 65 ??????????, ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????. [??]

????????? ????? ?????????????(oxidative) ????? [ ???????? ]

??????????????? ??????????? ??450 ?????????? ???????? ??????????. [??]

???? ??????? ??????? ????? [ ???????? ]

???? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????. ???????? ???? ???? ???????, ??? ?????????? ????? ?????????????. ?????? ???????????????????? ???, ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????. ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????. [ ??????????? ???????? ]

????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????-1????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????????????? ????????????? ??? ?????? [ ??????????? ???????? ] ???. ???? ??? ???????????. ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????????????????. ??????????? ??????????????????? ??????????? XIII ????? ??? ????????????? ???????????????. ???? ? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????????? [?] as of 2009 . ???? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????????????? ???? ??????????, ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????????.

?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????. [ ??????????? ???????? ]

????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

?????????? ???? ???????????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????, ??????? ?????????, ?????????, ?????????????/???????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????.

???????, ????? ????????????, ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????.

????????? ????????? "????????? ??????????" ????????. [??] ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????????? ???? ?????????????? ????, ??????????? ????????????????, ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????, ????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????????????.

?????????, ???????????? ?????? ????????????? (?????) ???? ????????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????. [??]

??????-???????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????????; ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????. [??] [??]

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  1. ↑ "Determination of the Nicotine Content of Various Edible Nightshades (Solanaceae) and Their Products and Estimation of the Associated Dietary Nicotine Intake" . Retrieved 2008-10-05 .
  2. ↑ "Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9" (PDF) .
  3. ↑ ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????????
  4. ↑ "????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????" . Archived from the original on 2011-06-20 . Retrieved 2010-08-04 .
  5. ↑ ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??.
  6. ↑ Connolly, G. N; Alpert, H. R; Wayne, G. F; Koh, H (2007). "Trends in nicotine yield in smoke and its relationship with design characteristics among popular US cigarette brands, 1997-2005". Tobacco Control . 16 (5): e5. doi : 10.1136/tc.2006.019695 . PMID   17897974 .
  7. ↑ Henningfield, JE; Zeller, M (2006). " "Nicotine psychopharmacology", research contributions to United States and global tobacco regulation: A look back and a look forward" (PDF) . Psychopharmacology . 184 (3?4): 286?291. doi : 10.1007/s00213-006-0308-4 . PMID   16463054 . {{ cite journal }} : More than one of |author1= and |last1= specified ( help ) ; More than one of |author2= and |last2= specified ( help ) [ ?????????? ???? ????? ]
  8. ↑ Melsens (1844). "Uber das Nicotin". Journal fur Praktische Chemie . 32 (1): 372?377. doi : 10.1002/prac.18440320155 .
  9. ↑ http://medicolegal.tripod.com/toxicchemicals.htm Comptes rendus, 1903, 137, ??? 860
  10. ↑ Gause, G. F. (1941). Luyet, B. J. (ed.). https://archive.org/stream/opticalactivityl00gauz/opticalactivityl00gauz_djvu.txt . No. 2 of a series of monographs on general physiology. Normandy, Missouri: Biodynamica. {{ cite book }} : External link in |title= ( help )
  11. ↑ Benowitz NL, Jacob P 3rd, Jones RT, Rosenberg J, NL; Jacob P, 3rd; Jones, RT; Rosenberg, J (1982). "Interindividual variability in the metabolism and cardiovascular effects of nicotine in man". J Pharmacol Exp Ther . 221 (2): 368?72. PMID   7077531 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link )
  12. ↑ ??.? ??.? Hukkanen J, Jacob P 3rd, Benowitz NL., J; Jacob P, 3rd; Benowitz, NL (2005). "Metabolism and Disposition Kinetics of Nicotine" . Pharmacol Rev . 57 (1): 79?115. doi : 10.1124/pr.57.1.3 . PMID   15734728 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link )
  13. ↑ Benowitz NL, Herrera B, Jacob P 3rd., NL; Herrera, B; Jacob P, 3rd (2004). "Mentholated Cigarette Smoking Inhibits Nicotine Metabolism" . J Pharmacol Exp Ther . 310 (3): 1208?15. doi : 10.1124/jpet.104.066902 . PMID   15084646 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link )
  14. ↑ [27]
  15. ↑ [28]
  16. ↑ ?????????, ??????? ??. ?????? & ????????? ?????????? (?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ). ??????????: ???????????-???? ???????, 2006. ?????? 99-105.
  17. ↑ ???????? ????, ????? ???. ???????, ?? ?. ??. ????, ?????? ?. ??????? & ???????? ?. ???????.(2009) "???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????? ????????????". ????? 458 :534-537 PMID 19252481
  18. ↑ ??.? ??.? Herraiz T, Chaparro C (2005). "Human monoamine oxidase is inhibited by tobacco smoke: beta-carboline alkaloids act as potent and reversible inhibitors". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun . 326 (2): 378?86. doi : 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.033 . PMID   15582589 .
  19. ↑ Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ; et al. (1998). "Neuropharmacological actions of cigarette smoke: brain monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) inhibition". J Addict Dis . 17 (1): 23?34. doi : 10.1300/J069v17n01_03 . PMID   9549600 . {{ cite journal }} : Explicit use of et al. in: |author= ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  20. ↑ Wullner U, Gundisch D, Herzog H; et al. (2008). "Smoking upregulates alpha4beta2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the human brain". Neurosci. Lett . 430 (1): 34?7. doi : 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.10.011 . PMID   17997038 . {{ cite journal }} : Explicit use of et al. in: |author= ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  21. ↑ Walsh H, Govind AP, Mastro R; et al. (2008). "Up-regulation of nicotinic receptors by nicotine varies with receptor subtype". J. Biol. Chem . 283 (10): 6022?32. doi : 10.1074/jbc.M703432200 . PMID   18174175 . {{ cite journal }} : Explicit use of et al. in: |author= ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  22. ↑ Nguyen HN, Rasmussen BA, Perry DC (2003). "Subtype-selective up-regulation by chronic nicotine of high-affinity nicotinic receptors in rat brain demonstrated by receptor autoradiography". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther . 307 (3): 1090?7. doi : 10.1124/jpet.103.056408 . PMID   14560040 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  23. ↑ Pons S, Fattore L, Cossu G; et al. (2008). "Crucial role of alpha4 and alpha6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits from ventral tegmental area in systemic nicotine self-administration" . J. Neurosci . 28 (47): 12318?27. doi : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3918-08.2008 . PMC   2819191 . PMID   19020025 . {{ cite journal }} : Explicit use of et al. in: |author= ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  24. ↑ Yoshida T, Sakane N, Umekawa T, Kondo M (1994). "Effect of nicotine on sympathetic nervous system activity of mice subjected to immobilization stress" . Physiol Behav . 55 (1): 53?7. doi : 10.1016/0031-9384(94)90009-4 . PMID   8140174 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  25. ↑ ????? ??, ?????? ????, ?????? ?????, ??????? ??????, ???????? ???, ??????? ???. ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? .(2009). ???????? ?????????? ????????? . 92(4):589-96. doi : 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.02.011 PMID 19268687
  26. ↑ Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn (2007). Human Anatomy & Physiology (7th Ed.) . Pearson. pp. ?. ISBN   0-805-35909-5 .
  27. ↑ ??????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????.
  28. ↑ ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? , ???????????? ???????, issue 21, ??????????-???????? 1997, ??????????? ??? ???????
  29. ↑ ??????????? ????????, ??????????? ???????, ????? ?????????, "???? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????: therapeutic ??????????????" ????????? et ??????????? ??????. : 23, N° : 2S, juin 2001, ?????? 39S - 42
  30. ↑ ????-?????? ???????, "??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????" ????????? et ??????????? ??????. : 23, N° : 2S, juin 2001, ?????? 28S - 36S
  31. ↑ ????????? ???? ???? ??????? : ?????? ??????  : ?????? : ? ??????????? ??? ??????????
  32. ↑ ??????? ???????: ???????? Archived 2009-12-01 ???????? ?????? ?????. , ???????? ??????
  33. ↑ Rusted, J (1994-05-05). "Does nicotine improve cognitive function?" . Psychopharmacology . Springer-Verlag (115): 547?549 . Retrieved 2008-11-15 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help ) [ ?????????? ???? ????? ]
  34. ↑ http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/020328/nicotine.shtml
  35. ↑ ??.? ??.? Kenny PJ, Markou A (2006). "Nicotine self-administration acutely activates brain reward systems and induces a long-lasting increase in reward sensitivity" . Neuropsychopharmacology . 31 (6): 1203?11. doi : 10.1038/sj.npp.1300905 . PMID   16192981 . However, these effects are an illusion brought about by Nicotine addiction. What appears to be relaxation, is merely the effect of ending the craving for Nicotine. The longer the periods between Nicotine intake, the greater the illusion of pleasure will be. {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help )
  36. ↑ Erowid ???????? ?????? : ??????
  37. ↑ Einstein, Stanley (1989). Drug and Alcohol Use: Issues and Factors . Springer . pp. 101?118. ISBN   0306413787 .
  38. ↑ Guillem K, Vouillac C, Azar MR; et al. (2005). "Monoamine oxidase inhibition dramatically increases the motivation to self-administer nicotine in rats". J. Neurosci . 25 (38): 8593?600. doi : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2139-05.2005 . PMID   16177026 . {{ cite journal }} : Explicit use of et al. in: |author= ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  39. ↑ Villegier AS, Blanc G, Glowinski J, Tassin JP (2003). "Transient behavioral sensitization to nicotine becomes long-lasting with monoamine oxidases inhibitors". Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav . 76 (2): 267?74. doi : 10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00223-5 . PMID   14592678 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  40. ↑ ???????? - ??????? ????? ??????? - ?????? ?? - ???????, ?????, ??????, ????? ?????
  41. ↑ Nolley EP, Kelley BM (2007). "Adolescent reward system perseveration due to nicotine: studies with methylphenidate". Neurotoxicol Teratol . 29 (1): 47?56. doi : 10.1016/j.ntt.2006.09.026 . PMID   17129706 .
  42. ↑ ?????????, ????? ??., ????? ?????? ???????. "????????? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????." ??????????? ??????????????? ???? 2009: 119-23. ?????.
  43. ↑ Okamoto M, Kita T, Okuda H, Tanaka T, Nakashima T (1994). "Effects of aging on acute toxicity of nicotine in rats". Pharmacol Toxicol . 75 (1): 1?6. doi : 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1994.tb00316.x . PMID   7971729 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  44. ↑ ???????? ????????????????
  45. ↑ "??????? ????" . Archived from the original on 2013-01-21 . Retrieved 2010-08-04 .
  46. ↑ "??????? ????" . Archived from the original on 2009-12-02 . Retrieved 2010-08-04 .
  47. ↑ Lockhart LP (1933). "Nicotine poisoning". Br Med J . 1 : 246?7. doi : 10.1136/bmj.1.3762.246-c .
  48. ↑ ??.? ??.? "Toxicology" . Archived from the original on 2008-11-21 . Retrieved 2008-10-05 . {{ cite web }} : Text "eBasedTreatment" ignored ( help )
  49. ↑ http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single121809.pdf
  50. ↑ ??.? ??.? Cohen, David J. (2001). "Impact of Smoking on Clinical and Angiographic Restenosis After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention" . Circulation . 104 (7): 773. doi : 10.1161/hc3201.094225 . PMID   11502701 . Retrieved 2006-11-06 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )
  51. ↑ ???????????, ???., ??????????, ?., ??????, ?. ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ???????? (?????? ??????) ??. 232
  52. ↑ Green JT, Richardson C, Marshall RW; et al. (2000). "Nitric oxide mediates a therapeutic effect of nicotine in ulcerative colitis" . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 14 (11): 1429?34. doi : 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00847.x . PMID   11069313 . {{ cite journal }} : Explicit use of et al. in: |author= ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) [ ?????????? ???? ????? ]
  53. ↑ "Smoking Cuts Risk of Rare Cancer" . UPI. March 29, 2001. Archived from the original on 2008-07-20 . Retrieved 2006-11-06 .
  54. ↑ Recer, Paul (May 19, 1998). "Cigarettes May Have an Up Side" . AP. Archived from the original on 2020-10-03 . Retrieved 2006-11-06 .
  55. ↑ Lain, Kristine Y. (1991). "Urinary cotinine concentration confirms the reduced risk of preeclampsia with tobacco exposure" . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology . 181 (5): 908?14. PMID   11422156 . Archived from the original on 2008-08-07 . Retrieved 2006-11-06 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help ) ; line feed character in |coauthors= at position 79 ( help )
  56. ↑ Hjern, A (2001). "Does tobacco smoke prevent atopic disorders? A study of two generations of Swedish residents" . Clin Exp Allergy . 31 (6): 908?14. doi : 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01096.x . PMID   11422156 . Archived from the original on 2008-08-08 . Retrieved 2006-11-06 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help )
  57. ↑ Lisa Melton (2006). "Body Blazes" . Scientific American : 24. {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help )
  58. ↑ Fratiglioni, L (2000). "Smoking and Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease: review of the epidemiological studies". Behav Brain Res . 113 (1?2): 117?20. doi : 10.1016/S0166-4328(00)00206-0 . PMID   10942038 . {{ cite journal }} : |access-date= requires |url= ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help )
  59. ↑ Thompson, Carol. "Alzheimer's disease is associated with non-smoking" . Archived from the original on 2006-10-14 . Retrieved 2006-11-06 .
  60. ↑ Thompson, Carol. "Parkinson's disease is associated with non-smoking" . Archived from the original on 2006-10-19 . Retrieved 2006-11-06 .
  61. ↑ "Alzheimer's Starts Earlier for Heavy Drinkers, Smokers" . Reuters. 2008-04-17. Archived from the original on 2008-12-24 . Retrieved 2008-06-27 .
  62. ↑ Peck, Peggy (2002-07-25). "Smoking Significantly Increases Risk of Alzheimer's Disease Among Those Who Have No Genetic Predisposition" . Retrieved 2008-06-27 .
  63. ↑ Aggarwal NT, Bienias JL, Bennett DA; et al. (2006). "The relation of cigarette smoking to incident Alzheimer's disease in a biracial urban community population". Neuroepidemiology . 26 (3): 140?6. doi : 10.1159/000091654 . PMID   16493200 . {{ cite journal }} : Explicit use of et al. in: |author= ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  64. ↑ Lerche Davis,, Jeanie (2004-03-22). "Smoking Speeds Dementia, Alzheimer's Disease" . Retrieved 2008-06-27 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( link )
  65. ↑ DeNoon, Daniel (2006-08-11). "Nicotine Slows Parkinson's Disease" . Retrieved 2009-12-27 .
  66. ↑ Peck, Peggy (2002-07-25). "Smoking Significantly Increases Risk of Alzheimer's Disease Among Those Who Have No Genetic Predisposition" . Retrieved 2009-12-27 .
  67. ↑ Fox, Maggie (2007-10-24). "Nicotine may ease Parkinson's symptoms: U.S. study" . Retrieved 2009-12-27 .
  68. ↑ "Nicotine as an antiepileptic agent in ADNFLE: An n-of-one study" .
  69. ↑ de Leon J, Tracy J, McCann E, McGrory A, Diaz FJ (2002). "Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking: a replication study in another US psychiatric hospital" . Schizophr Res . 56 (1?2): 55?65. doi : 10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00192-X . PMID   12084420 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  70. ↑ de Leon J, Dadvand M, Canuso C, White AO, Stanilla JK, Simpson GM (1995). "Schizophrenia and smoking: an epidemiological survey in a state hospital" . Am J Psychiatry . 152 (3): 453?5. PMID   7864277 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  71. ↑ Aguilar MC, Gurpegui M, Diaz FJ, de Leon J (2005). "Nicotine dependence and symptoms in schizophrenia: naturalistic study of complex interactions". Br J Psychiatry . 186 : 215?21. doi : 10.1192/bjp.186.3.215 . PMID   15738502 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  72. ↑ "Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" . Archived from the original on 18 ???????? 2009 . Retrieved 21 September 2009 .
  73. ↑ Suemaru K, Kohnomi S, Umeda K, Araki H., K; Kohnomi, S; Umeda, K; Araki, H (2008). "Alpha7 nicotinic receptor agonists have reported to reverse the PPI disruption". Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi (in Japanese). 28 (3): 121?6. PMID   18646597 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )
  74. ↑ ?? ??? ??, ????? ?????, ??????? ????, ????? ???????, ?????? ???????, ????? ????.(2004). "????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????7 ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????" . ???????????????????? 29 (8):1522-6. PMID 15100704

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