?????????????, ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????????
|
|
| ??????? ??????
|
| ?????
,
?????? ????? ???????
|
??????????, W, 74
|
| ???????? ????
| transition metals
|
| ?????
,
?????
,
???
|
6, 6, d
|
| ??????
| ??????? ???????? ????
|
| ?????? ???
|
183.84
g·mol
−1
|
| ????????????
?????
|
[
Xe
] 4f
14
5d
4
|
?????????? ???
??????
???????????????
|
2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2
|
| ????? ??????
|
| ???
| ???????
|
| ????????
(
??.??.
??????)
| 19.25 g·cm
−3
|
| ????
?
????????
at
?.??.
| 17.6 g·cm
−3
|
| ????? ??????
| 3695
K
(3422 °
C
, 6192 °
???
)
|
| ??????? ??????
| 5828
K
(5555 °
C
, 10031 °
F
)
|
| ????????????
| 13892
K
, MPa
|
| ???????? ???????
| 32.31
kJ·mol
−1
|
| ????????? ???????
| 806.7
kJ·mol
−1
|
| ???? ????????
| (25 °C) 24.27 J·mol
−1
·K
−1
|
???? ?????
| P
/Pa
|
1
|
10
|
100
|
1 k
|
10 k
|
100 k
|
| at
T
/K
|
3477
|
3773
|
4137
|
4579
|
5127
|
5823
|
|
| ?????? ??????
|
| ?????? ??????
| cubic body centered
|
| ?????????? ??????
???
| 6
, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, ?1
(mildly acidic oxide)
|
| ????????????
| 2.36 (Pauling scale)
|
| ?????? ???????
| 135
pm
|
| ?????? ??????? (???????)
| 193 pm
|
| ??????? ?????
| 146 pm
|
| ???? ??????
|
| ?????? ????????
| ?????? ????
|
| ???????? ????????
| (20 °C) 52.8Ω·m
|
| ???? ??????
| (300 K) 173 W·m
−1
·K
−1
|
| ???? ????????
| (25 °C) 4.5 µm·m
−1
·K
−1
|
| ????? ???
(???? ????)
| (
r.t.
) 4290
m·s
−1
|
| ???? ??????
| 411 GPa
|
| ??????? ???????
| 161 GPa
|
| ???? ???????
| 310 GPa
|
| ??? ?????????
| 0.28
|
| ???? ??????
| 7.5
|
| Vickers ??????
| 3430 MPa
|
| ???????? ??????
| 2570 MPa
|
| ?????? ???????? ??????
| 7440-33-7
|
| ???????????
|
|
|
?????????
(????
??????????
) ????
??????? ???
???????
. ??? ??????, ?????? ???
????????
?????? ????????????? ?????? ??????
????? ??????
????? ????????
???
. ? ????? ?????? ?,??? °
C
???????, ?????????????
?????
? ????? ??? ????????????. ??? ?????? ????????
?????????
??
????????????
?????,
???-????
?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????.
??? ?????
???????? ????
????? "?????? ?????" ????????? ??????. ??????
????
?????
??????
? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????????.
