한국   대만   중국   일본 
?????? ???????? - ????????? ???????? ????

?????? ????????

??????????? ????????
Coordinates : 53°49′34″N 2°25′19″W  /  53.826°N 2.422°W  / 53.826; -2.422
?????????????, ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????????

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Pagetype/setindex' not found.

Great Britain
Native name:
Languages spoken as native.
  • Great Britain (English)
    Great Breetain [?] (Scots)
    Prydain Fawr (Welsh)
    Breatainn Mhor (Scottish Gaelic)
    Breten Veur (Cornish)
True colour image of Great Britain, captured by a NASA satellite on 6 April 2002.
Geography
Location Northern Europe
Coordinates 53°49′34″N 2°25′19″W  /  53.826°N 2.422°W  / 53.826; -2.422
Archipelago British Isles
????????? ?,??,??? km ? (??,??? sq mi) [?]
Area rank 9th
?????? ???????? ????? ?,??? m (?,??? ft)
?????? ???????? ?????? ???? Ben Nevis
Country
  ???????? ???????
  ?????????
  ???????????
  Wales
Largest city London
Demographics
Population approximately 61,792,000 (as of mid-2009) [?]
???????? ??? /km ? (??? /sq mi)
Ethnic groups British ( Cornish , English , Scottish & Welsh ) [?]

?????? ??????? ???? ????? [?] , ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????????, ???? ??????? ? ????? ???????????. ??? ?????????? 2009? ????????? ?????? 61.8 ?????????????????, [?] ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????????. ?????? ??????? ?????? 1,000 [?] ???? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????. ???????????? ? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???. ??????????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????, ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????.

?????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ???????????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????. "?????? ???????" ????? (?????? ’????’ ???? ???? ????????? ????????????) '???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????' ???????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ’????' ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????. ??????????, ??????????????, ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ????????: ????? , ???????????, ????? ????????.

1 ?? 1707???? ?????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??? ??????? 1707???? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????.

???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????,1801?????, ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????????, ? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????. ????? ???? ??? ??????????????? ????, ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????. ?? ? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????.

??????? ???? ??????? [ ???????? ]

Main articles: Kingdom of Great Britain and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ?????????, ????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????????????, [?] ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ????, ????????,?? ????? ??? ??????, ??????????, ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????????????????? ?? ?????????. ????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????????, ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????????????????. [?] [?]

??????????????? ?????? VI ???? ??????????? I ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? 1603????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????????????????? ???????. 1707????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????.

??????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

Further information: Geography of England , Geography of Scotland , and Geography of Wales

??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????, ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??  kilometres (??  miles )???????? ??????. [?] ?????-?????? ?????????, ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? 209,331 km² ????? ?????????????(80,823 ???????? ??????). [??] ?????? ??????, ????? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????. [??] ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ????, ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??? 1993 ????? ???????????. ???????????, ? ??????? ??? ?????, ???? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ?????? 1,000 ???? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????.

???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? 968 ???? / 601.5 ?????? (????? ????, ?????????? ???? ???? ?’???????? , ??????????? ?????), ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? 1,349 ????/ 838 ????????????????????.

???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????. [??]

???? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? 450,000 ???? 180,000 ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ??????-??????? ???????????, ??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ???????????????. [??] ?????? 10,000 ????? ???? ????????, ??????????? ?????????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ???????????????, ???? ??????? ?????? ? ???????????? ?????? ???????????, ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????? 120 metres (390 ft)?????? ?????????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????, ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????????, ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????????. ????????? ????????, ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????????, ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????, ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? 6500 ????.????? ???????????. [??]

?????? [ ???????? ]

Main articles: History of England , History of Scotland , History of Wales , and History of the United Kingdom
?????? ????: Prehistoric Britain , Roman Britain , Medieval Britain , and Early Modern Britain

????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????. ????? 500,000 ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? (???????????? ??????, ???????????????) [??] ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? 30,000 ?????? ??????. ?????? 10,000 ?????? ???????????, ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????, ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? 8,000???? ????????? ?????????????. ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????, ???? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? 7150 ???? ?????? ’??????? ????’ ??? ???? ???????????? ????????. ????????, ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????. [??] ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????.

???? ??. ???? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????-???? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????????, ?????? ??????????, ????????, ?????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????????. [??] [??] [??] [??] [??] [??]

??? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ?????????, ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????. ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? (????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????) ????? ??? ????????? ? ??????? ????? ????????????. ????? ?????????? ???? 500 ?????? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? (?????????, ???????????, ????? ??????????, ???????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????-??????????? ???? ???????????) ??????????? ??? ??????????????. ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????-??????? ???????? ???? ???????, ????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ?????????????????, ???????? ????????????? ???????????? 9?? ?????????? ?????????. ?????????????? ??????-????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????? ????? ?????????, 1018? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???????????. ?????????, ???????? ???? ????????? ??????-????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????.

????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????????. ? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????????, ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????????, ????? ????? ???????????? ????????????????? ???. ?????? , ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ???????, ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????, ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????????. 9??? ??????????, ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????. (???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????????????). ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????. 1066?????, ????????? ???????????? ????????????, ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????. 1282????? ?????? ??????-??????? ???????????????? ??????, ?????????? 16??? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????.

20 ???????? 1604???? ????? ?????? (????????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????) ???????? ???? "????? ??? ?????? ???????, ???????? ???? ???????????" ???? ??????????. [??] ???????, ????????? ????? ?????????????? 1707?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????????. 1 ?? 1707????? ???? ??????? ??????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? "???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????"? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????. ????? ????????????, "????????? ??? ?????? ???????"????? 1707 ????? 1800? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????.

??????? ??????? [ ???????? ]

??????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

Main article: Britain (name)

???? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? (c. 384?322 BC), ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????, ?????. III.????? ??? ?????????? ????????, "... ????????? , ???? ?????????? , ????? ??? ????? ???????, ?????? ??????????, ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????????". 2,000 ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????: ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ?? ?????? (c. 23?79 AD) ??? ????????? ??????? ? (iv.xvi.102) ?????? ??????? ????????????????? : "??? ???????? ???? ???????????."

?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? (?λβ?ων) ???? ??????? ?????????? , ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? , ???? "island of the Albiones" ????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????.

??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? Britt?nia , ??????????? ???????? ??????. ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten ????? ????????????? ( Breoton-lond, Breten-lond ????). ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????. ?????? 320????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????.

? ?????????? ?????? ??????? Πρεττανοι, ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????????. [??] ???????? ?? ?????? ????? Prydain ??? ???, ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? Cruithne???? ?????? ??????. [??] ????????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????.

"??????" ??? ??? [ ???????? ]

???? ???????? ????? ????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????????????. "?????? ???????" ???????? ????? ??????? 1474????? ?????????? ?????????, ??????????? ???????? IV ? ???? ?????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? III? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ???? "this Nobill Isle, callit Gret Britanee." ?????? ????? 1604????? ????? ?????????. [??]

?????? ??????? ??? ???? [ ???????? ]

"?????? ???????" ???????? "???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????" (UK) ????? ???????????. ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????????, ???? ?????????, ?????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? (? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????). ??? ????? ?????????????? ??????????. [??]

1975????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????????, ?????? ??????? ????, ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????. [??] ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ? ??????? ??????, ????????, ????????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????. [??]

GB ????? GBR ??? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????. ??????????????: ?????????? ??????? ??????? Archived 25 January 2007 [Date mismatch] ???????? ?????? ?????., ????????????? ?????? ??????, NATO , ????????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????????? ???? ???????? ISO 3166-2 ????? ISO 3166-1 ?????-3, ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????.

???????????????, .uk????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????????. .gb ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????????, ???? ??? ???????????? ???????????????????.

???????????? [ ???????? ]

??? (?????? ?????) [ ???????? ]

Main article: Fauna of Great Britain
?????? ?????? "??????????? ??????? ?????". [??]

??????? ???????? ????? ???????????, ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????? (???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????)?? ???????? ???, ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????, ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????, ?????? ??????????? ????????????. [??] ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????????? ?? ???????????, ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????. [??] 20??? ?????? ???????? UK????? 100 ?????? ??????????????, ???????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? 100 ???????? ???? 2006???? ???? DEFRA ???????? ????????. [??] ??? ????, ???? ???, ????? ???, ????? ????????? ???? ??????????, ????? ??????, ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????????.

????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? 40% ???????. ? ?????? ?????????? ????????, ???????, ?????????, ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????. [??] ????? ??????, ?????????? ??????, ?????????????, ?????????, ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????. [??] ???????????? ???????????? ???, ?????????? ??????? ??????, ????????, ??????, ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????. [??] ?????? ????? ??????, ??????? ????? ???????? (???? ????)?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ????????????? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????. ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????, ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????????; ????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????. [??] [??] ???????????? (???? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????) ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????. ?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????????; ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????. [??]

????????????? ????? ??? ?????????, ????? 583 ?????????, [??] 258 ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????????????. [??] ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????, ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????????, ????????? ???????????, ??????????? ????? ??????. [??] ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ??????????, ???????, ?????????, ???????, ????? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ??????? ?????????. [??] ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????; ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ???????, ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????. [??] ??????? ????????????? ????????, ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????. [??]

??????????? [ ???????? ]

Main article: Flora of Great Britain
?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????.

???? ??????????, ????? ??? ???? ???????????, ?????? ????????? ???????????, ??????? ??????????? ??????????????. [??] ?????? ????????’? ??????????? 3,354 ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????, ????????? 2,297 ?????? ?????? ????? 1,057 ?????? ?????????? ???????????. [??] ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? (??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??), ???????, ???? ???? ?????? ??, ???? ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ??, ??? ??, ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??, ??????? ??, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????, ???? ????? ???????? ???????. [??] ??????????????? ??? ????????, ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? (????????? ??????) ????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????. ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????, ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??, ??????? (???? ???? ??), ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??, ???? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????. [??] ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? (??? ?????????? ??????) ?????; ????? ???? ???????? 65 ???????? ???? 212 ???????? ???????????? ?????????. [??] ???????????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????????. [??]

????????????? ????? ????? 1,500 ????? ?????? ???????? ????????, [??] ????? 107 ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? 1981 ???? ??????????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????????. [??] [??] 2002????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????????. [??] ??? ????? ?????????, ????????????, ??????? (???? ????? ???? ?????), ?????????? (???? ????? ???? ????? ?????), ????????? (???????? ??????????? ???? ????), ?????? (???? ???? ?????? ????), ????? (???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??), ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????, ????? ??????? ???, ????????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ???????, ????? ???? ?? ????? ???, ???? (??????? ???? ???), ???????? ???????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???, ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????????. [??] [??] [??] [??] ?????? ??????? ????, ????? ???????, ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????????. [??]

???? [ ???????? ]

Main articles: Religion in England , Religion in Scotland , and Religion in Wales
???????????? ???????????, ????????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ????

??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ????????????? ???, ???????? ? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????????. ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????? (?????? ???????????????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????), 16??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????. ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????????????? ????? ???????????? ???????. ????????????? ???? 26 ??????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????????????. [??] ?????????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????, ??? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????, ?????? ?????????????? 6??? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????. ????????????? ?? 5 ??????? ?????????? ????????????????; ????????? ????? ???????????? 4.5 [??] ????? ???????????????????? 750,000. [??]

????? ?????? ? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????

??????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????, ???????????????? ?????, 2.1 ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????. [??] ?????? ???????????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????, ??? ????????????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????. ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???????????? ????????????????. ????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????????????? ???? ????????. [??] ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????????, ???? ?????????????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ???????. [??] ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ??????????. [??] ????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????????????, ??????????, ???????????????????, ???????????? ????? ????????. [??] ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????. [??] ???? ?????-??????????????? ????, ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????, ???? ??????????? ????????????????. [??] ?????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????. [??] ????? ?????????????????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????????????? ??????????????, ????? ?????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????. [??]

????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????; ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????????????? ??????????? ????????????????. [??] ???????????? ? ???? ???????? ???? 1604? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????. [??] ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????. [??] ???? ??? ???????? ???????????, ??????? ???????????????? ????? ??????; ?????????, ?????, ??????????, ?????????, ????????? ?? ???????????, ????, ????? ????, ????????, ???? ????? ????? ??????. [??]

?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? [??]

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  1. ↑ "Dictionary of the Scots Language" . DSL.ac.uk. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
  2. ↑ "World Guide - Largest islands" . Intute . Retrieved 15 ??????? 2010 .
  3. ↑ ?.? ?.? "Population Estimates" . National Statistics Online . Newport, Wales: Office for National Statistics. 27 ?????? 2009 . Retrieved 25 ???????? 2009 .
  4. ↑ "-images-eicexpertsreportfull_tcm77-19490.pdf - [[Adobe Acrobat|Adobe Reader]]" (PDF) . National Statistics: 2011 Census: Ethnic group, national identity, religion and language consultation . Office for National Statistics . 2007. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 ?????????? 2009 . Retrieved 31 ?????? 2009 . {{ cite web }} : URL?wikilink conflict ( help )
  5. ↑ "?? ??????????? ????????, ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????" . Archived from the original on 20 ???????? 2018 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 .
  6. ↑ ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? 803 ????????.
  7. ↑ ?.? ?.? "Key facts about the United Kingdom" . Direct.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 15 ???????? 2012 . Retrieved 11 ???????? 2008 .
  8. ↑ Ademuni-Odeke (1998). Bareboat Charter (ship) Registration . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 367. ISBN   9041105131 .
  9. ↑ 14 ??????? 2009 Archived 30 May 2020 [Date mismatch] ???????? ?????? ?????. ? ????
  10. ↑ ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? (UNEP) ISLAND DIRECTORY TABLES "ISLANDS BY LAND AREA". 13 ?????? 2009???? http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm Archived 20 February 2018 [Date mismatch] ???????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ??????????
  11. ↑ "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition + corrections" (PDF) . International Hydrographic Organization. 1971. p. 42 [corrections to page 13]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 ???????? 2011 . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . {{ cite web }} : Check date values in: |accessdate= ( help )
  12. ↑ Geohive.com Country data ????; 2000? ????? ?????? ; 2001? ???????? ????????? ?????? . ? ????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????????????.
  13. ↑ Gupta, Sanjeev (2007). "Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel" . Nature . 448 (7151): 342?345. doi : 10.1038/nature06018 . PMID   17637667 . Retrieved 18 ???? 2007 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored ( help )
  14. ↑ "????????? ????????, "??????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????" " (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 ?????? 2012 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 .
  15. ↑ Graslund, Bo (2005). "Traces of the early humans". Early humans and their world . London: Routledge. p. 62. ISBN   9780415353441 .
  16. ↑ ????, ???????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? . ??????????: ?????, ?????? ???? ?????, 2004. ?????????? 0-06-095339-X
  17. ↑ http://www.aber.ac.uk/aberonline/en/archive/2008/05/au7608/
  18. ↑ "O'Donnell Lecture 2008 Appendix" (PDF) .
  19. ↑ Koch, John (2009). Tartessian: Celtic from the Southwest at the Dawn of History in Acta Palaeohispanica X Palaeohispanica 9 (2009) (PDF) . Palaeohispanica. pp. 339?351. ISSN   1578-5386 . Retrieved 17 ?? 2010 . {{ cite book }} : Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= ( help )
  20. ↑ Koch, John. "New research suggests Welsh Celtic roots lie in Spain and Portugal" . Retrieved 10 ?? 2010 .
  21. ↑ Cunliffe, Karl, Guerra, McEvoy, Bradley; Oppenheimer, Rrvik, Isaac, Parsons, Koch, Freeman and Wodtko (2010). Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature . Oxbow Books and Celtic Studies Publications. p. 384. ISBN   978-1-84217-410-4 . Archived from the original on 12 ???? 2010 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  22. ↑ "Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe" (PDF) . University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies and Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford . Retrieved 24 ?? 2010 . [ ?????????? ???? ????? ]
  23. ↑ ???????????? ????????? ?????? I ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? 20 ???????? 1604
  24. ↑ ?????? ???: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named snyder
  25. ↑ Foster (editor), R F (1 ??????? 2001). The Oxford History of Ireland . Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-280202-X . {{ cite book }} : |last= has generic name ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )
  26. ↑ "?????? ??, ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? "?????? ???????" ??? ?? ????? ???? , 1955-56, ??????.55-66" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 ?????? 2009 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 .
  27. ↑ ??????? 2001:???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????, 2001, ????????/??? ?????????? ???????? ?????, ?????, ?????????? 0
  28. ↑ ??????? 2001: ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????, 2001, ????????/??? ?????????? ???????? ?????, ?????, ?????????? 011 621278 0
  29. ↑ ???????: ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????, 2001, ????? ??? ???????? ????????????????/??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? 011 621278 0
  30. ↑ [52] 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  31. ↑ "Decaying Wood: An Overview of Its Status and Ecology in the United Kingdom and Europe" (PDF) . FS.fed.us. 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  32. ↑ ??.? ??.? ??.? ??.? ??.? "A Short History of the British Mammal Fauna" . ABDN.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 11 ???????? 2006 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 . 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  33. ↑ DEFRA, 2006
  34. ↑ ??.? ??.? ?????, ?????? ??????? , 85.
  35. ↑ ?? ???? ???? ??????????, ???????????????? ???????????????
  36. ↑ "British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee" . Interscience.wiley.com. [ ?????????? ???? ????? ] 16 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????.
  37. ↑ "Birds of Britain" . BTO.org. 16 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????.
  38. ↑ "Duck, Geese and Swan Family" . NatureGrid.org.uk. Archived from the original on 8 ??????? 2009 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 . 16 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????.
  39. ↑ "Birds" . NatureGrid.org.uk. Archived from the original on 30 ???? 2009 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 . 16 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????.
  40. ↑ "The Adder's Byte" . CountySideInfo.co.uk. 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????.
  41. ↑ "Plants of the Pacific Northwest in Western Europe" . Botanical Electric News. 23 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????.
  42. ↑ ????????, ???? ?? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? , 599.
  43. ↑ ??.? ??.? "Checklist of British Plants" . Natural History Museum. 2 ?????? 2009???? ?????????????.
  44. ↑ "Facts About Britain's Trees" . WildAboutBritain.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 ??????? 2009 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 . 2 ?????? 2009???? ?????????????.
  45. ↑ "The Fortingall Yew" . PerthshireBigTreeCountry.co.uk. 23 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  46. ↑ ??.? ??.? "Facts and Figures about Wildflowers" . WildAboutFlowers.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 ???????? 2008 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 . 23 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  47. ↑ "Endangered British Wild Flowers" . CountryLovers.co.uk. Archived from the original on 16 ???????? 2008 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 . 23 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  48. ↑ "County Flowers of Great Britain" . WildAboutFlowers.co.uk. Archived from the original on 27 ??????? 2009 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 . 23 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  49. ↑ "People and Plants: Mapping the UK's wild flora" (PDF) . PlantLife.org.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 ??????? 2007 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 . 23 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  50. ↑ "British Wildflower Images" . Map-Reading.co.uk. Archived from the original on 28 ??????? 2010 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 . 23 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  51. ↑ "List of British Wildlfowers by Common Name" . WildAboutBritain.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 ??????? 2009 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 . 23 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  52. ↑ "British Plants and algae" . Arkive.org. Archived from the original on 12 ?????? 2009 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 . 23 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  53. ↑ "Lichen" . YorkshireDales.org.uk. Archived from the original on 15 ??????? 2009 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 . 23 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  54. ↑ "Global Anglicanism at a Crossroads" . PewResearch.org. 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  55. ↑ "People here 'must obey the laws of the land' " . London: Telegraph . 9 ???????? 2008 . Retrieved 4 ?? 2010 . 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  56. ↑ "Cardinal not much altered by his new job" . Living Scotsman. 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  57. ↑ "Analysis of Religion in the 2001 Census - Current Religion in Scotland" . Scotland.gov.uk. 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  58. ↑ "The Methodist Church" . BBC.co.uk. 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  59. ↑ "Methodism in Britain" . GoffsOakMethodistChurch.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 ????? 2009 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 . 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  60. ↑ "Religion in Wales" . Sacred Destinations. Archived from the original on 8 ???? 2009 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 . 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  61. ↑ "Cambridge History of Christianity" . Hugh McLeod. 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  62. ↑ ??????????, ?? ???????????? ??????? , 343.
  63. ↑ ??????, ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? , 141.
  64. ↑ ??.? ??.? "Cry God for Harry, Britain and... St Aidan" . The Independent . [ ?????????? ???? ????? ] 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  65. ↑ ??.? ??.? "United Kingdom - History of the Flag" . FlagSpot.net. 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  66. ↑ ??.? ??.? "Saints" . Brits at their Best. 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  67. ↑ [131]
  68. ↑ ??.? ??.? "From Expulsion (1290) to Readmission (1656): Jews and England" (PDF) . Goldsmiths.ac.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 ???? 2008 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 . 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  69. ↑ "Jews in Scotland" . British-Jewry.org.uk. Archived from the original on 9 ?? 2005 . Retrieved 25 ?????? 2010 . 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????
  70. ↑ ??.? ??.? "Religion: Key Statistics for urban areas, results by population size of urban area" . Statistics.gov.uk. 1 ???????? 2009???? ?????????????

????????? [ ???????? ]

  • Pliny the Elder (translated by Rackham, Harris) (1938). Natural History . Harvard University Press.
  • Ball, Martin John (1994). The Celtic Languages . Routledge. ISBN   0415010357 .
  • Butler, Alban (1997). Butler's Lives of the Saints . Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN   0860122557 .
  • Frodin, DG (2001). Guide to Standard Floras of the World . Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0521790778 .
  • Spencer, Colin (2003). British Food: An Extraordinary Thousand Years of History . Columbia University Press. ISBN   0231131100 .
  • Andrews, Robert (2004). The Rough Guide to Britain . Rough Guides Ltd. ISBN   1843533014 .
  • Dawkins, Peter (2004). The Shakespeare Enigma . Polair Publishing. ISBN   0954538943 .
  • Major, John (2004). History in Quotations . Cassell. ISBN   0304353876 .
  • Else, David (2005). Great Britain . Lonely Planet. ISBN   1740599217 .
  • Kaufman, Will & Macpherson Slettedahl, Heidi (2005). Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History . ABC-CLIO. ISBN   1851094318 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  • Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). Origins of the British . Carroll & Graf. ISBN   0786718900 .
  • Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World . McFarland. ISBN   0786422483 .
  • Massey, Gerald (2007). A Book of the Beginnings, Vol.1 . Cosimo. ISBN   1602068291 .
  • Taylor, Issac (2008). Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature . BiblioBazaar. ISBN   0559296673 .

????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

Great Britain ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????????.

53°49′34″N 2°25′19″W  /  53.826°N 2.422°W  / 53.826; -2.422

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