SPQR
???
Senatus Populusque Romanus
, ???????? ??????
???????
?????????? ???????
(
????????
:
????? ?????? ?? ?????
), ????????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ?????
????? ???????????
??????????
. ?? ????????????? ?????? ????????????, ???????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ???????
?????? ????????
???? ?? ??????? ????????.
????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ?? ???????? ????????????, ?????????
?????????
??????????, ????? ???????? ?????
????? ??????? ??????? ???????????
?????????
, ????????“ ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????, ??? ???????
??????
. ???????? ???“ ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????“ (??????“) ?? ????“, ????????? ????????, ??? ??????? ???“, ???????
??????????
?? ????????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??????,
R?m?nus
(
????????“
), ????
?????????? ??????
, ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????
Sen?tus
Populusque-?
. ???????, ????? ?????????? ?????????????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????“, ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????“.
??????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????, ?????????? ????? ??????????????? 80 ??????. ?????? ????????? ??????????, ???? ????, ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????, , ??????? ?ROMA“ (????) ???. ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????
??????????? ?????
(???????? ??. ?. 312?337) ?????????, ????? ??????? ??????????? ????, ??????? ????? ??????
????????????
.
????????? ??? ????????????? ???????????, ???????“ ?? ???????? ?????“ ??????????????, ??????? ??????????????. ?????, ??????
?????
????? ??????????????, ????
??????
????????????? ???.
????? ???????
???? ??? ???? ????????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????????. ??????????, ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????????.
?? ?????? ?????????
????? ????????
??????. ???????????? ??????????? ??????
??? ????“
??????????????, ?????????? ?????, ??? ??????? ?????????????, ???????????
??? ?????“
???????? ??? ????????????.
?Populus R?m?nus“ ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????, ????? ?????????? ?populus-?“ ???????? ?? ????????? ???????, ????????? ?popul? Pr?sc?rum Lat?n?rum“, "????? ????????? ??????????". ?R?m?nus“ ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????, ?????? ?c?vis R?m?nus“, ???
?????? ????????“
.
??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????, ?????????
dignit?s (????????)
,
maiest?s (????????)
,
auctorit?s (??????????)
,
l?bert?s popul? R?m?n?
, (???????? ?????? ??????), ???????? ?????? ???????, ??????????, ??????????, ???????????“. ????? ??????
populus l?ber
, "?????????? ?????". ????????? ?????
????????? exercitus, imperium, iudicia, honor?s, consul?s, volunt?s
: ????????
??????
????, ???????????, ???????????, ?????????????, ????????? ?? ????“.
????????? ????????, ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????. ???????? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????????, ???????? ???????????? ?????. ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????????????. ????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ???????????
?????????
??
?????????
, ?? ??????????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ????????
?????????
.
1184 ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? SENATVS PQ R-?? ????????????. 1414 ?????? 1517 ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????, ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? SPQR.
[1]
?????? ?????????
??????? ????, SPQR ??? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ??? ???????????, ? ????
??????????
, ?????? ?????? ????? ????????“ ?????????????? ????????? ??????.
SPQR ????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????????.
[2]
[3]
?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ????????, "
Sono Pazzi Questi Romani
" (?????????????: "????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????????").
[4]
SPQR ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? (????.
Comando Militare Capitale
).
????????, ?????????????? ?????????, SPQR ?????? (????????????) ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???????????“, ?????? ?? ??????????? ????, ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????.
SPQ
x
?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????????. ?????????, ??????? ?????
Reggio Emilia-
? ?????? ???? SPQR, ??? ???????
Senatus Populusque Regiensis
.
City
|
Country
|
SPQ
x
|
Latin
|
??? ???????????
|
????????
|
Netherlands
|
SPQA
|
|
??????? ???????
Waag
.
|
??????????
|
Netherlands
|
SPQA
|
Senatus Populusque Amstelodamensis
[5]
|
Stadsschouwburg
theater on
Leidseplein
[6]
and some of the
bridges
.
[5]
|
Antwerp
|
Belgium
|
SPQA
|
Senatus Populusque Antverpensis
|
On
Antwerp City Hall
and other public buildings and schools.
[7]
|
Ascoli Piceno
|
Italy
|
SPQA
|
Senatus Populusque Asculum
|
On the wall above the south loggia of the
Piazza del Popolo, Ascoli Piceno
.
|
Basel
|
Switzerland
|
SPQB
|
Senatus Populusque Basilea
|
On the Webern-Brunnen in Steinenvorstadt.
[8]
|
Benevento
|
Italy
|
SPQB
[9]
|
Senatus Populusque Beneventanus
[9]
|
On manhole covers.
[9]
|
Bologna
|
Italy
|
SPQB
|
Senatus Populusque Bonononiensis
|
On the
Fountain of Neptune, Bologna
.
|
Bremen
|
Germany
|
SPQB
|
|
In the
Bremen City Hall
.
[10]
|
Bruges
|
Belgium
|
SPQB
|
|
On its coat of arms.
[11]
|
Brussels
|
Belgium
|
SPQB
|
Senatus Populusque Bruxellensis
(of the city) or
Senatus Populusque Belgicus
(of the country)
|
Found repeatedly on the
Palais de Justice
,
[12]
over the main stage of
La Monnaie
,
????????? ?????? ?????????
-
?????? ?? ???? ??????????! ??????????? {{subst:???????}} !
and on the ceiling of the
hemicycle of the Belgian Senate
in the
Palais de la Nation
.
|
Capua
|
Italy
|
SPQC
|
|
|
Catania
|
Italy
|
SPQC
|
|
Can be found on manhole covers.
|
Chicago
|
United States
|
SPQC
|
|
Can be found on the George N. Leighton Cook County Criminal Courthouse.
|
Dublin
|
Ireland
|
SPQH
|
Senatus Populusque
Hibernicus
|
On the
City Hall
, built in 1769.
|
Florianopolis
|
Brazil
|
SPQF
[9]
|
Senatus Populusque Florianopolitanus
[9]
|
|
Franeker
|
Netherlands
|
SPQF
|
|
At the a gate on the Westerbolwerk and Academiestraat 16.
[13]
|
Freising
|
Germany
|
SPQF
|
|
Above the door of the town hall.
|
Ghent
|
Belgium
|
SPQG
|
Senatus Populusque Gandavensis
|
On the Opera, Theater and some other major buildings. Inscribed on a shield on coins struck in Ghent in 1583, during the
Dutch Revolt
.
[14]
|
Groningen
|
Netherlands
|
SPQG
|
|
Above the entrance of the
Der Aa-kerk
.
|
The Hague
|
Netherlands
|
SPQH
|
|
Above the stage in
Koninklijke Schouwburg
.
|
Hamburg
|
Germany
|
SPQH
|
|
On a door in the
Hamburg Rathaus
.
[15]
|
Hanover
|
Germany
|
|
|
|
Haarlem
|
Netherlands
|
SPQH
|
|
On the face of the town hall at the "Grote Markt".
|
Hasselt
|
Belgium
|
SPQH
|
|
|
Kortrijk
|
Belgium
|
SPQC
|
Senatus Populusque Cortoriacum
|
City hall.
|
Krakow
|
Poland
|
SPQC
|
Senatus Populusque Cracoviensis
|
Over the Waza Gate in
Wawel Castle
.
|
La Plata
|
Argentina
|
SPQR
|
|
On a monument outside of the city's "casco urbano".
|
Leeuwarden
|
Netherlands
|
SPQL
|
Senatus Populusque Leovardia
|
On the mayor's chain of office.
[16]
|
Liverpool
|
United Kingdom
|
SPQL
|
Senatus Populusque Liverpudliensis
|
On various gold doors in
St George's Hall
.
[17]
|
City of London
|
United Kingdom
|
SPQL
|
Senatus Populusque Londiniensis
|
On historic variants of the
City's coat of arms
[18]
[19]
|
Lubeck
|
Germany
|
SPQL
|
Senatus Populusque Lubecensis
|
On the
Holstentor
.
[20]
|
Lucerne
|
Switzerland
|
|
|
|
Madrid
|
Spain
|
SPQM
|
Senatus Populusque Matritensis
|
On the
Fuente de Apolo
[
es
]
, built in 1780.
|
Milan
|
Italy
|
SPQM
|
|
The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
struck coins at Milan with the inscription
S P Q Mediol Optimo Principi
.
[21]
|
Modica
|
Italy
|
SPQM
|
|
On the coat of arms.
[22]
|
Molfetta
|
Italy
|
SPQM
|
|
On the coat of arms.
[23]
|
Naples
|
Italy
|
SPQN
|
Senatus Populusque Ne?polis
|
Inscribed on a shield on coins struck during
Masaniello
's 1647 revolt.
[24]
|
Noto
|
Italy
|
SPQN
|
Senatus Populusque Netum
|
On the coat of arms.
[25]
and the facade of
Noto Cathedral
|
Nuremberg
|
Germany
|
SPQN
|
Senatus Populusque Norimbergensis
|
On the
Charles Bridge
(one of the major bridges over river
Pegnitz
in the inner city).
[26]
|
Oudenburg
|
Belgium
|
SPQO
|
Senatus Populusque Odenburgensis
|
On its water pump next to the market square.
[27]
|
Olomouc
|
Czech Republic
|
SPQO
[9]
|
Senatus Populusque Olomucensis
|
On its coat of arms.
[28]
|
Palermo
|
Italy
|
SPQP
|
|
[29]
|
Penne, Abruzzo
|
Italy
|
SPQP
|
|
[29]
|
Rieti
|
Italy
|
SPQS
|
Senatus Populusque
Sabinus
|
On the coat of arms. Present also in the modern composite
Lazio
coat-of-arms.
|
Rotterdam
|
Netherlands
|
SPQR
|
|
On a wall painting in the
Rotterdam City Hall
.
|
Severn Beach
|
United Kingdom
|
SPQR
|
|
On the crest of Pilning & Severn Beach Parish Council.
|
Seville
|
Spain
|
SPQH
|
Senatus Populusque Hispalensis
|
On the historic banner of the city.
|
Siena
|
Italy
|
SPQS
|
|
On the base of a status of the
Capitoline Wolf
.
[30]
|
Solothurn
|
Switzerland
|
SPQS
|
Senatus Populusque Solodori
|
On the
Cathedral
of
St Ursus
and
Victor
.
|
Terracina
|
Italy
|
SPQT
|
|
[31]
|
Tivoli, Lazio
|
Italy
|
SPQT
|
|
[32]
|
Toru?
|
Poland
|
SPQT
|
Senatus Populusque Thorunensis
|
City Hall.
[33]
|
Valencia
|
Spain
|
SPQV
|
Senatus Populusque Valentinus
|
In several places and buildings, including the
Silk Exchange
[34]
and the
University of Valencia
Historic Building.
[35]
|
Verviers
|
Belgium
|
SPQV
|
|
On the Grand Theatre.
[36]
|
Vienna
|
Austria
|
SPQV
[9]
|
Senatus Populusque Viennensis
[9]
|
Schonbrunn Palace
|
????? ????????? ?? ????????, SPQR, ?????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????????????
2000 ???? ??????
Gladiator
, ?????? ??????? ????????? (???? ????????
????? ?????
) ?????? ?????? ??????????????? "SPQR", ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????, ?????????? ???????
-
??????? ??????? ?????
-
????????????? ??? ????????? ????? SPQR ????????
-
SPQR ????? ??????? ??????
-
?????? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? II,
??????
-
"????????? ?????? ???????????,
???????? ??????
-
??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????
-
-
?????? ?????????? ???????
- ↑
Monete e Zecche Medievalli Italiane, Elio Biaggi, coins 2081 and 2141
- ↑
Roma Capitale ? Sito Istituzionale ? Home
it.
????????? ??????: 2019-10-29
- ↑
OGGETTO: Revoca deleghe Consigliera Nathalie Naim
it.
????????? ??????: 2019-10-29
- ↑
See, e.g.
Handbuch der theoretischen und praktischen Heraldik
.
- ↑
5.0
5.1
Heraldic symbols of Amsterdam
(2 December 2006). ?????????????
????????????
? 2006-12-10.
????????? ??????: 2023-11-06.
- ↑
de Cleen, Marjolein. (2023-02-24)
Stadsschouwburg Leidseplein
Dutch.
????????? ??????: 2023-05-06.
- ↑
Woesinger. (2007-01-05)
SPQA
.
????????? ??????: 2014-02-17
- ↑
Webern-Brunnen
de (2003-01-01).
????????? ??????: 2015-10-30
- ↑
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
Rome ? Historical Flags (Italy)
(14 November 2003).
????????? ??????: 6 February 2007
- ↑
International Council on Monuments and Sites. (2003)
Evaluations of Cultural Properties
(PDF) ??. 39?42. UNESCO.
????????? ??????: 2014-02-17
- ↑
Crest of Brugge
.
????????? ??????: 2014-02-17
- ↑
SPQB sign on the court of Justice of Brussels
. ?????????????
????????????
? 2010-04-17.
????????? ??????: 2014-02-17
- ↑
Franeker
.
????????? ??????: 26 January 2018
- ↑
Carew Hazlitt, W..
Coinage of the European Continent
, ??. 216.
- ↑
Hamburg
de.
????????? ??????: 6 January 2009
- ↑
De Ambtsketen Van De Burgemeester
nl.
- ↑
Coslett, Paul.
St George's Hall
. BBC Liverpool.
????????? ??????: 2014-02-17
- ↑
Corporation of London Records Office.
The City Arms
. The Corporation of the City of London. ?????????????
????????????
? 26 ?????????? 2006.
??????:
?The letters SPQL [
Senatus Populusque Londinii
? literally, The Senate and People of London] also occasionally appear in imitation of the SPQR of ancient Rome.“
????????? ??????: 6 ???????? 2023.
- ↑
Brunet, Alex (2013).
Regal Armorie of Great Britain
. London: Forgotten Books, ??. 156?7.
- ↑
Roberto. (2007-03-01)
Holstentor ? SPQL: Senatus Populusque Lubecensis
.
????????? ??????: 2014-02-17
- ↑
Potter, W. J..
The Coinage of Milan
, ??. 19. coin 4.
- ↑
Modica
.
????????? ??????: 26 July 2020
- ↑
Molfetta
.
????????? ??????: 26 July 2020
- ↑
Italian Coinage Medieval to Modern, The Collection of Ercole Gnecchi, coin 3683
- ↑
Noto
.
????????? ??????: 26 July 2020
- ↑
Forum Romanum: Modell-Ausstellung im Hirsvogelsaal
de (14 December 2017).
????????? ??????: 26 September 2023
- ↑
Stadspomp, Oudenburg
(30 May 2009).
????????? ??????: 20 December 2017
- ↑
Olomouc
(20 August 2023).
- ↑
29.0
29.1
mypixbox. (2007-12-05)
SPQP
.
????????? ??????: 2014-02-17
- ↑
Moree. (2008-06-17)
SPQS
.
????????? ??????: 2014-02-17
- ↑
Dilke, O. A. W.; Dilke, Margaret S. (October 1961). ?Terracina and the Pomptine Marshes“.
Greece & Rome
.
Cambridge University Press
.
II:8
(2): 172?178.
doi
:
10.1017/S0017383500014406
.
ISSN
0017-3835
.
OCLC
51206579
.
S2CID
162727396
.
- ↑
Walking in Pomata
en. Con il patrocinio del Comune di Tivoli Assessorato al Turismo.
????????? ??????: 2014-02-17
- ↑
Sala Rady (Senatu) w Ratuszu Staromiejskim ? Atrakcje Torunia ? Przewodnik po Toruniu | Toru? Tour Toru?ski Portal Turystyczny
pl.
????????? ??????: 2021-03-10
- ↑
Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
. Cervantesvirtual.com.
????????? ??????: 2014-02-17
- ↑
Gallardo, Elena. (27 September 2008)
SPQV
.
- ↑
Le Grand-Theatre de Verviers
fr. ?????????????
????????????
? 2014-11-12.
????????? ??????: 2023-11-06.