?????? ????

	?????? ???? ; Helmut Kohl
	;
????????? ????????
????????????? ?????? ???
	1 ????????? 1982 ? 27 ????????? 1998
??????????	???? ????????? ; ?????? ??? ?????????? ; ????? ???????
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?????????	??????? ???????
????????-??????? ???????-??????????
????????????? ?????? ???
	1969 ? 1976
??????????	3 ?????? 1930 ; ????????????? , ????????-?????? , ????????
???????????	16 ?????? , 2017 (87 ????) ; ????????????? , ????????-?????? , ????????
?????????? ??????	???
??????	1. ???????? ???? ; 2. ????? ???????
????????	??????????
???????	????????
?????????

?????? ????? ?????? ???? ( ????. Helmut Josef Michael Kohl ; ??????????: [?h?lmuːt ?joːz?f 'm?ca?eːl ?koːl] ; ?. 3 ?????? 1930 , ????????????? , ????????-?????? , ???????? , ? ?. 16 ?????? 2017 , ????) ? ????????? ?????????? ???????, ????????? ?????????????? 1982 - 1998 ??????. ???? 16 ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? , ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? . 1969 - 1976 ?????? ??? ????????-??????? ???????-?????????? . ????????-???????????? ???????? ??????????? 1973 - 1998 ?????? ???????, ????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????.

??????? ????? ?? ????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????? ???? 1930 ???? 3 ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? , ??????-????????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????, ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????, 1945 ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? - ???????? ?????, ????????????? ?????????? ???????????????, ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????. ?????????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????????, ???? ??????? ??? ????????, ???????????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????“. ^[1]

???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????, ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????. ^[2] 1950 ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????, ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ^[3] ????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? 1958 ????. ????????? ??????? ???????? 1945 ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????. ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????. ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ??? ??????????.

??????? ?????????? ?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

1946 ???? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????-??????????? ???????“????????. 1953 ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????-??????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ???? 1954 ???? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????????“ ???????????? ?????????. ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????. 1959 ???? ????? ????????-??????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????. ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????????.

?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? 1969 ???? 19 ?????, 39 ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????-??????? ???????-??????????. 1970 -??? ???????? ??????????,????????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ^[4] . ???????? ???? ???????????????, ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????????, 1973 ???? ??? ??????? ?????????????-???????????? ????????????, ?? ????? ??? 1998?????? ?????????? ^[5]. 1976 ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????, ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????-??????????????? ??????? ??????????????. ????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????-???????????? ???????, ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????. ??????, ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????????, ??? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ^[6] ?????? ??????, 1980 -??? ??????, ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????.

????????? ?????????? ???????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

1982 ???? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????-?????????? ????????, ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ^[7]. ????? ????, ????????-???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????“ ?????????? ?????????? ??????????, ???????????? ????????-???????????? ????????, ???????? ????????-????????? ????????? ?? ?????????-???????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????, ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????. ????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? 1983 ????????? ??????????.?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???????, ???/??? -? 48.8%-??, ???? ??????????? ???????????? 7%-?? ???????? ??????. ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????, ??? ?????, ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????, ???????????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????, 21 ??????, ????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?.?.

?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? 1960 -???? ?????? ????????, ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????“ , ???????????, ????????????? ????, ??? ????? ??? ????????-??????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????, ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????. ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????????“ ??????????? ????????????? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? 1989 ???? 9 ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ^[8]

?????, ?????? ?????????? ?????, ????????? ????????????? ?????????“ ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????“ ??????? ???????, ??? ????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ^[9] ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????????, ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????????, ?????? ??????? ^[10]

???????? ????????????? - ??????? ???????“ (“Ever Closer Union”) [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????. ????? ?????, ??? ???? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????,??? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????,???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????. 1984 ???? ???????? , ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????????????? ??????, ????? 1916 ???? ????????????? ?????? ????????, ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????. ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????.????? ?????, ????????-???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????-????????? ???????????? ?ARTE” ^[11]

??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????. ????????? ???????, ?????????????? ????????? ??????, ?????????? ???? ?????????, ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ^[12] ?????????? ??????? ???????????????, ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????“ ????? (“Ever Closer Union”), ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????. ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???-???? ??????? ????????? ???????, 1986 ???? ???????????- ???????? ???????? ????“, ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ^[13] ????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????, ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????-??????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ???????????.

????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????? ????“ ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????, ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????. ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????, ?? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ????????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ^[14] ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????????“ ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????.

?????????? ??????????? ???-?? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???. ?????? 1983 - 1985 ?????? ???-?? ???????? ???-? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???-??? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ^[15]

???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? 1989 ???? ??????, ??????? ?????????, ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??????. ???-?? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????, ??????????? ??? ????????? ????????. ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? 1989 ???? 9 ???????? ??????????? ??????? - ????????????? ????“,??????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???????:??????? ???????? ???? ???????, ?? ???????? - ?????“. ^[16]

???????????? ???-???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????. 1990 ???? 14-16 ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????, ????????????? ???????, ???????? ??????????? ?????????????, ?????????? ????????? ????????, ????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ????????????, ????-? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????. ^[17]

??????? ???????? 1990 ???? 12 ?????????, ???????? ????????. ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???? ???? ????“ ( ???? , ??????? , ?????? ?? ??????? ), ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????????????, ????????????? ?? ??????????????“ ??????? ?????????????, ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????. ^[18]

??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????????“, ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????, ??????? ?? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????, ??? ??????????? ?? ?????????.???????? ???????? ????????? ????? 10-???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????, ????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????, ????????: ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????, ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????, ????? ?????,??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? 370 000 ???????. ???? -? ??????? ????????? ???, ??? ???????????? ?????? 1994 ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????, ????????? ????????? 15 ???????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? 5-??????????? ?????, ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????.

????????????, ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ????“ ?????? 1991 ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? 1994 ?????? ??? ????????.

1998 ???? ?????????? ???????, ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. 16-?????? ???????????, ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????.

?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????????. ????????, 1960 ???? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??????????????? ?????? ??? ????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? 2001 ??????, ??? ??????????????? ???????. 2008 ????, 78 ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????? 44 ???? ???? ??????? ???????. ?? ??????????????????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????. ????? ?????, ????? ????? ???????????, ????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? 2008 ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????.

87 ???? ???? 2017 ???? 16 ??????, ????????? ????????? ???????????. ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????????, ??????????????? ???????? ????????.?? ??? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ^[19] ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ????????????? ????????“ - ?? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ?? ??? “???????????? ??????? ???-???? ??????? ??????“ ?????.

?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

Lentz. Harris M. Heads of States and Governments. New York: Routledge, 2013.
Casey, S., and Wright, J. (Eds.). Mental Maps in the Era of Detente and the End of the Cold War 1968-91. Palgrave Macmillan: 2015.
Ray, Michael (Ed.) Germany. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, 2014.
Stankiewicz, Damien. Europe Un-Imagined. University of Toronto Press, 2017.
Huelshoff, Michael G. Andrei S. Markovits, and Simon Reich (Eds.) From Bundesrepublik to Deutschland German Politics after Unification. The Universality of Michigan Press, 1993.
??????????, ??????. ????? ???????? ?? ?????????. ???????: ??????? L, 2006.

????????? ?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

↑ Berman, Russell A. “A German Chancellor like No Other.” POLITICO. POLITICO, June 16, 2017.
↑ Pletter, Roman “Helmut Kohl, German Statesman Who United His Country after Cold War, Dies at 87.” The Washington Post. WP Company, June 16, 2017.
↑ “Helmut Kohl” Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., March 30, 2020.
↑ Harris M. Lentz. Heads of States and Governments. (New York: Routledge, 2013), 315.
↑ Casey, S., and Wright, J. (Eds.). Mental Maps in the Era of Detente and the End of the Cold War 1968-91(Palgrave Macmillan: 2015), 177.
↑ Berman, Russell A. “A German Chancellor like No Other.” POLITICO. POLITICO, June 16, 2017.
↑ Michael Ray (Ed.) Germany. (New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, 2014), 310.
↑ Berman, Russell A. “A German Chancellor like No Other.” POLITICO. POLITICO, June 16, 2017.
↑ Gordon A. Crag. “Did Ostpolitik Work?” Foreign Affairs, January 28, 2009.
↑ Livingston, Robert Gerald. “Life after Kohl? We'll Always Have Germany.” Foreign Affairs, January 28, 2009
↑ Damien Stankiewicz. Europe Un-Imagined. (University of Toronto Press, 2017), 49.
↑ Simon Shuster. “Helmut Kohl.” Time. Time, June 22, 2017
↑ “Helmut Kohl and Francois Mitterrand: leaders in reconciliation”. European Commission. Accessed April 20, 2020. . ????????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? 30, 2020. ????????? ??????: ????? 16, 2020.
↑ Casey, S., & Wright, J. (Eds.) Mental Maps in the Era of Detente and the End of the Cold War 1968-91. (Palgrave Macmillan: 2015), 181.
↑ ?????? ??????????. ????? ???????? ?? ?????????. (???????: ??????? L, 2006), 210.
↑ Michael G. Huelshoff, Andrei S. Markovits, and Simon Reich (Eds.) From Bundesrepublik to Deutschland German Politics after Unification. (The Universality of Michigan Press, 1993), 106.
↑ [1]
↑ ??????????, ????? ???????? ?? ?????????. ??. 19.
↑ Agence France-Presse in Speyer, Germany. “'Architect of German Unity': World Leaders Pay Tribute to Helmut Kohl” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, July 1, 2017.

?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? . ????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? .

[1] Berman, Russell A. “A German Chancellor like No Other.” POLITICO. POLITICO, June 16, 2017.

[2] Pletter, Roman “Helmut Kohl, German Statesman Who United His Country after Cold War, Dies at 87.” The Washington Post. WP Company, June 16, 2017.

[3] “Helmut Kohl” Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., March 30, 2020.

[4] Harris M. Lentz. Heads of States and Governments. (New York: Routledge, 2013), 315.

[5] Casey, S., and Wright, J. (Eds.). Mental Maps in the Era of Detente and the End of the Cold War 1968-91(Palgrave Macmillan: 2015), 177.

[6] Berman, Russell A. “A German Chancellor like No Other.” POLITICO. POLITICO, June 16, 2017.

[7] Michael Ray (Ed.) Germany. (New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, 2014), 310.

[8] Berman, Russell A. “A German Chancellor like No Other.” POLITICO. POLITICO, June 16, 2017.

[9] Gordon A. Crag. “Did Ostpolitik Work?” Foreign Affairs, January 28, 2009.

[10] Livingston, Robert Gerald. “Life after Kohl? We'll Always Have Germany.” Foreign Affairs, January 28, 2009

[11] Damien Stankiewicz. Europe Un-Imagined. (University of Toronto Press, 2017), 49.

[12] Simon Shuster. “Helmut Kohl.” Time. Time, June 22, 2017

[13] “Helmut Kohl and Francois Mitterrand: leaders in reconciliation”. European Commission. Accessed April 20, 2020. . ????????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? 30, 2020. ????????? ??????: ????? 16, 2020.

[14] Casey, S., & Wright, J. (Eds.) Mental Maps in the Era of Detente and the End of the Cold War 1968-91. (Palgrave Macmillan: 2015), 181.

[15] ?????? ??????????. ????? ???????? ?? ?????????. (???????: ??????? L, 2006), 210.

[16] Michael G. Huelshoff, Andrei S. Markovits, and Simon Reich (Eds.) From Bundesrepublik to Deutschland German Politics after Unification. (The Universality of Michigan Press, 1993), 106.

[17] [1]

[18] ??????????, ????? ???????? ?? ?????????. ??. 19.

[19] Agence France-Presse in Speyer, Germany. “'Architect of German Unity': World Leaders Pay Tribute to Helmut Kohl” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, July 1, 2017.

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