?? ???????? (?. 21 ?????????? , 1328 ? ?. 24 ?????? , 1398 ) ? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? 1368 - 1398 ??????.

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??????? 1328 ???? ?????? ??????. 1368 ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????. ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ( 1279 - 1368 ??.). ??????? ??????? ????? 1644 ??????? ???????????, ????? ????? ????????????? ?? ??????????. ?? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????. ???? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? 1211 ???? ?????????. ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????. ??????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ??????????? 1398 ????.

?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

• Brook, Timothy. (1998). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China . Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22154-0 (Paperback).
• Dreyer, Edward. (1982). Early Ming China: A Political History . Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1105-4 .
• Stearns, Peter N., et al. (2006). World Civilizations: The Global Experience. AP Edition DBQ Update. New York: Pearson Education, Inc.