한국   대만   중국   일본 
?????? ??????? - ????????? ????????? ????????

?????? ???????

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?????? ???????
????. Jeremy Bentham
???. ?????? 15 ????????? , 1748 ( 1748-02-15 ) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
???. ?????? ??????????? , ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? [6]
????. ?????? 6 ?????? , 1832 ( 1832-06-06 ) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [7] [8] (84 ????)
????. ?????? ??????? , ???? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ?????? [9]
???????????   ???? ?????????? ??????
  ??????????? ??????? ?????????? [10]
  ???? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ??????
?????????? ?????????? , ??????? , ???????? , ?????????? , suffragist , ????????? ???????? ???????? , ??????? [11] , animal rights advocate , ??????? [12] , ?????????? , Protestant reformer [6] ?? ?????????? ???????????
????-?????? ????????????? ????? [11] ?? ???????? ?????? [11]
??????
???? Jeremiah Bentham [13] [7]
???? Alicia Woodward Grove [13]
?????????

?????? ??????? ( ????. Jeremy Bentham ; ?????????? ???????????? - ??????? ??????? ; ?. 15 ????????? , 1748 [??. ??. 4 ????????? , 1747] [14] ] ? ?. 6 ?????? , 1832) ? ????????? ?????????? , ??????? ?? ????????? ???????????, ??????????? ????????????? ???????????. [15] [16]

???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????“ ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????, ??? ???????? ???? ?????????????“. [17] [18] ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????-????????? ????????? ???????????, ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????“ ?????????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ??????, ????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????, ?????????? ????????????, ???????? ???????? ???????????, ????????????? ???????, ?????, ????????????? ????????? ??????. ?? ????????? ???????, ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????????, ?? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????. [19] ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???-??? ?????? ???????????. [20] [21] [22] ????????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????????, ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????. ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ????????, ???????? ????????? ???-??? ?????? ???? ??????????? - ???????? ???????????? - ????????, ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????.

???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????? ???? , ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? , ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? , ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? , ????? - ?????? ????? , ???????? ??????????? ???-???? ???????????. ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????, ??????, ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????, ???????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????????. [23]

1832 ????, ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ??????? (?????????) ???? ????????. ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????, ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????. ????????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????. [24]

????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????, 1760?1762.

??????? 1748 ???? 15 ????????? (???????????? ??????? ??, 1747 ???? 4 ?????????) ??????? ????????????, ????????, ?????? ??????, ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????. [25] ???????????? ???????????, ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???: ??????, ??? ????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????. ????? ????????? ????????? ???????, ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????. ???????? ??-???? ????? ?????? ????? - ?????? ???????? (1757-1831) ??????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ??????.

????? ????????????? ?????????. 1760 ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????, ????????? ?????????, ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? 1763 ???? ?????, ???? 1766 ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????????. ?????????? ?????, ??? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ??????, ????? 1769 ???? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????. ??? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????-??????????, ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? (?Demon of Chicane“) ?? ????????. [26] ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????????? 1776 ???? ???????, ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????, ?????????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????????? - ??? ?????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ???. [27] ??? ???? ??????????? 130 ????????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????, ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????“. ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????. [28] [29]

????? ???????? ??????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

1786-87 ?????? ??????? ???????? (??????????? ????????? ?????????) ?????????? ???????, ?????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????, ???????? ????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????. [30] [31]

???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????, ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ????????, ????????. [32] ??? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????, ??? ??????????? ????, ??? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????, ???? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????????) ?????????, ????????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????. [33]

?.?. ???????? ?????“ ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????, ????? ???????????, ?????????? ????, ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????. ???? ???????????, ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????????, ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ???????? ????????????, ???????? ??? ???? ????????????????, ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????, ???????????, ????? ???? ????????? ????????, ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????, ???????? ?????????? ?? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????, ??? ??? ???????????. ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ????????????. ?????, ???????? ?????, ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????. [34]

????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???-???? ???????????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????????????, ?????????? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????. [35] ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ?????, ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????????, ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????. ????????, ???? ????????? ?? ???????????????, ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????. XX ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???-????? ???????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ????? ?????? XIX ???????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????. [36] ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????, ????????????? ????? ????????????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?.?. ???????? ??????????“ ????????????, ??? ???? ??????, ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????. ?? ???????????, ?? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????. [37]

???????? ????? ??????, ??????????? ???? ??????? ????, 1791.

????????? ?????????? ??????, ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????. [38] 1791 ???? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????. ?????, ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???. ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????, ???????? ???????? ???????-???????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. [39] ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? - 2,000 ￡ ?????. [40]

???????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????????????, ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ????. ??????, ?????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????????. [41] ?? ???? ????, ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ????????????????, ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????????????? ???? ????????. [42] ????????, ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????, ?????????????? ?????. ?????????? ?????, ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ???????????????? ???, ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????????. ?????????????, ?????? ??????????, ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????, ?????????????? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ?????????. ???????, ???????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ???????. [43] ?? ????????????, ???? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? - ????????? ????????, ????????? ?????????, ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????????. 1799 ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????????, ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????, (?????????? 12,000 ￡). [44]

?????? ????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ????, ?????????? ????????, ??????????????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???. ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????????. ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????: ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????. [45] ?????????????? ????? ???????????, ?????? ???????????? ??????????, 1801 ???? ???????-???????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? 1803 ???? ????? ?????????? ???????, ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????????. [46] ??????? ?? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????, ????????? ??? ?????, ??? ???? [???] ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????. [47]

???????????, ??? ?????????? ?????, ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????, 1811-12 ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????. [48] ???????, ??????? ?? ???? ???? 63 ???? ???, ????? ???????????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????????, ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????, ????? ?????????? ????? ???, - ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????????, ???????????, ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????????, ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????, ??? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????. ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? (700,000 ￡), ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? - 23,000 ￡, ??? ????????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????. [49]

????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????. ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????????, ??????? 1800 ???? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????, ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? - ??????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????? ???? 30 ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????????. [50] [51]

?????????????? ?? ????????????? ????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????. ?????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? , ???????? ???????????? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????. [52] ????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ?????, ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????, ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????. [53] ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??????, ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????. 1808-1810 ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? . ?????, ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????. [54] [55]

??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????. ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? 1831 ???? ?????????. ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? , ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? , ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????????????. [56]

??????? ?????????????? ?????????“ [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

1823 ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????“ ???????????????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?.?. ????????? ?????????????????“, ????????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????. [57] [58] ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ???-???? ??? ???? ???????? . ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????????? ????????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. [59]

??????????? ????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? - ???? ??????? ????? ????????“ - ???????????:

??????????????, ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????. ??????????, ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????????? ?????????????, ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???-??? ????????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ???????, ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???-???? ?????????? ????. ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????.

????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????????. [60] ???? ???????????? ???????, ??? ??????? ??????? ???. [61]

?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????“ ??????????????. ??? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ?? ?????????, ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????, ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????????. ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????, ??? ???????? ???? ?????????????“ ???????. [62] ???????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????, [63] ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????, ??? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????, ???????????, [???? ?????], ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????. [64]

??????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ???-????? ?????????, ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? . [65] ???????, ??? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ???????????, 1809-1823 ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????, ??? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ??????-?????????????, ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????. [61]

??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????/?????????? ???????, ????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????.

?????????????? ????????

?????????????? ?????????????? ????????, ?? ?????????? - ???????? ??????????? ????????“ ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????. ????????????“ ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????. ???????? ????????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????" - ??????? ????: [66]

??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????, ?????? - ??????? ?? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ????????????, ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????, ????, ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????????. ???? ?????, ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ???? ????? ?????, ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????, ?????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????, ????????? ?? ???????.…

???????? ????????????????????? ???????? ??????????“ ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????????, ?? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ???????. [67] ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????“ ?? ???????????, ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????/??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? (???????????) ?? ???????? ???????? ???????. ????????????, ????? ?????“ (?? ??????????, ???????“) ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????. ????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????????.

?????????, ??? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???????, ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????, ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????: ?????????????“, ????????????“, ?????????“, ?????????“, ??????????????“, ????????? [purity]“ ?? ????????“. [67] ?????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ????????????.

???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????????, ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????. ??????? ?????????, ??? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????, ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????, ??? ????????? ????????????, ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????, ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????. ??????????????? ????????????? ???????, ???????? ???????????, ??? ?????????, ?????? ????? ???????, ????????, ?????? ????, ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????. ???????, ????????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????????.

???????????/??????????? ?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??????????? ??????????? ?????-?????????????, ???????? ???????????? ????????? 12 ??????????“ ?? 14 ????????????“ ?????????, ??? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????????“ ???????????? ????????????. [68] ????? ?????, ???????????? ?????? ?? ???????, ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????, ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????. [69] ?? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????, ????????????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????. ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????, ?? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? (???????????) ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????. ??????? ?? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????, ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????, ??? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????.

??????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? - ??? ??????? ????? , ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????. ????? ?????????, ???????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????, ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ?????????? ??????. ???? ?????, ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????. [70] ????? ????? ????????????“ ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????.

???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????????, ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????, ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????. [71] ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????: ?????????? - ??????????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ???? ????????????? - ????????????????? ?????? ????????????, ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????.“ [72]

???????? ????????????“ ?????? (??????? ?. ?. ?. ?????? ????????) ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????. ?????? ?. ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ????????“ ????: ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????, ?????? ?????????????. ?? ???????? ?????, ?????????????? ???????, ??? ??????????????? ?????????.“ [73] ???????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ??? ???????? ???????, ???? ????????? ??????, ?? ?? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????, ??????????, ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????. ???? ??????????????, ?. ?. ???? (???????? ????????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????????: ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????“) ????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????.

????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????????: ???????????? ??????????“, 1788.

????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????????, ?????? ???????????, ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????, ???????, ????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????, ??? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????????????????? ???? ??????????, ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????, ?????????? ???????????, ????????????????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???? ????????????? ????? ?? ?????????, ??? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????. ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????.

?????? ??????? ??????????, ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????, ?????????????? ?? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????. ??? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????????, ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? - ?????????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????, ???? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????, ??? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????. [74]

??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????. [75] [76]

????????????? ????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??????? ???-???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????, ???????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????????. [77] ?? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ????????. ??????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? 1811 ???? ?? ??????? ?????????, ??? ???? ??? ??????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????? (???) ?????????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????. ??? ??????, ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????, ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????????.

???? ????????? ????????, ????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ????????. ?????????? ?????, ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????. [77] ?????? ????????????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????, ??? ????? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????????.

???????? ???????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???-??? ??????? ?????? ?????????. [22] ??? ??????????, ??? ???????? ??????? (???? ????????? - ??????????? ????“) ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? (????), ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????????. ?? ?????????? ????????????????, ??????? ??????????, ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????, ??? ???????????, ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????, ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? (?????????) ?? ?? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ????????????, ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????. [78] 1780 ????, ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????: [78] :309n

??????????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????????, ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????, ????? ???????????? ???????? ????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ??????? ???, ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????, ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????????, ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????. ??????????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????, ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????, ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????????????. ???? ?? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ???? ???? ?? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????, ?? ???????, ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???????????, ????? ?????????, ???? ????, ???? ??????, ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????????, ????? ???? ??? ?? ????, ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????????.

????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????, ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????, ?????? ???? ???????????, ???? ???? ??????????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????????. ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????, ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????????, ???? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????, ????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????. ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ????????? ???????????????, ??? ?????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????. ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????“ ???????????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????:

?? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ????????? ????????????? ???? ???????????, ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ???? ????????, ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ????????????, ?????????????? ????????????????, ????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????, ??, ?? ???? ????, ??????????????? ?????????? ???????. ??????, ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ???? (???? ????) ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????, ??????? ?????? ????????. ????, ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????, ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ????????????, ?? ???????? ???????? ???????, ???? ???????? ????? ??????, ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????. ?? ???????, ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????, ?? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????????, ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ????????. ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????. [79]

???????? ????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????? ??????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???-????, ??? ????? ??? 1759 ????, 11 ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????????? ??????. [80] ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ??????????. ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????, ????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????, ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????. ??????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????????, ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????, ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????“ ?? ???????? ????????“ - ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????????????. [81]

??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????, ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????????????. [82] ???????? ???? ?????? 1931 ???? ????????, ???? ???-???? ?????????? ??????, ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????, ?????? 1978 ???? ????????. [83]

????????????? ?? ????????????? ??????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ???. ?????????????, ???? ??????, ????????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????????, ???????? ?????????? ????????. ????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????, ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????????. [84] ????????????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????????????. [85]

?????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??????? ????????????? ?.?. ??????? ???????????, ???? ????????? ????????????? ???, ????? ????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????. ????????????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????, ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????????, [86] ????????? ??????, ????????, ????????? ????????? . [87]

???????? ???????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

1826 ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? (1836 ???? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????). ?? ???? ??????? 78 ???? ???. ???? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????, ????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????????????, ???????? ??? ???-???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ￡100 ???????????? ??? ????. [88]

????? ??????? ???????????? ?????: ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????????.

???????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????, ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????. ??????? ??????? ??????, ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????????, ????????????? ???????, ???? ?? ??? ????????????? ??????? ????????. ???????, ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????, ?? ??????????, ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????, ????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????????????. ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ????????, ??????? ?????????, ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????. ?????????? ????????????????? ????, ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???, ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????????, ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ????? ?????? ?????????. [88] ????????, ???????? ???? ????????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????, ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????, 1829 ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????.

????? ??????????? ?? ?? ??????????? ??????????????, ??? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????, ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ??????, ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????. ?????????? 1922 ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????????. ??????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????. [24]

???????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????? ???? 19, 1848. 1651 ???? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????????????? ?????????. ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????, ???????, ???????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ?????????. ????? 1877 ???? ?????????. [89] [90]
?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????.

?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ?????????? ?????, ???? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????. [60] ?? ????????????? ?????????? ??, ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????, ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????. [91] ????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ???????, ?????????, ???-???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????“, ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????. ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? 1840 ????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????.

???????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????????? ???????? ???????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? 30 ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????. ?? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????.

??? ???????? (1838?1843) [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??? ????????, ?????????? ???????? ???????, ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???, ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? 11 ???? ??????? 1838-1843 ??????, ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????, ?????????, ??????????? ????????????, ??????? ?? ??????????????. ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????“ ???? ???????, ?????? ????????, ???????? ?? ????????. ????????? ????????? ??-10 ?? ??-11 ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ????????, ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ???-???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????????. [98] ?????????? ?????, ????????? ?????????? 11 ???? ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ?? ????????????????, ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????????. [?] ?????, ?????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????, ??? ???????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? 1786-89 ??????? ????????.

?????? ?????? (1952?1954) [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

1952-1954 ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? - ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????“ ( Jeremy Bentham's Economic Writings ), ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????. ????????????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????. ?? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????, ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????. [99]

???????? ??????? (1968???????) [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

1959 ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????. ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????“ 1968 ???? ??????? [100] ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ????????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????, ????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ??????? ?.?. ????????? ????????“ ????????? ????????? ??????????? 31 ????? ????????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? 70-???? ?????????. ?????, ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? 1970 ?????? ??????????, ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???, ???????? 2010 ???? ???????? ????? ???? ( Of the Limits of the Penal Branch of Jurisprudence ). [101]

???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????. ????????? ?????????“ ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? [102] ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????, ?????, ??????????? ????????????. ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????????. [103]

???????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????? ?????? ?????? ???????
???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????, 2020.
???????? ????????????, 2003.
???????? ????? ????????????, ???????? ????????, ???????? ????????????.

?????? ??????? 1832 ???? 6 ??????, 84 ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????, ????????. ???????? ??????, ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????????. ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????????????? ??????. ??????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????, ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? 1769 ????, ???? 21 ???? ??? ?????? ???????, ?????? ??????????, ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? - ???? ???????, ?????? ?????????, ?????-????? (1765-1858) ???????? ??????? ????, ??????? ?????? ?????. [25] ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? 1832 ???? ???????, ????? ???????? ??? 2 ???? ???? ??????. [25]

1832 ???? 8 ??????, ???????? ??????????????? ??? ???? ??????, ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????, ???? ???????? ????????????. [25]

???????? ??????, ??????? ????????, ????????? ????????? ???????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????. ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????. [104] 2020 ???? ???????????? ????????, ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????, ?? ?? ???????? ??? ??????????, ???? 2013 ???? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????“ ??????????. [105] [106] (???? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??, ??????? ????? ??????? ???????). [105] [107]

??????? ?????, ??? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????, ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????. ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????“ ???????, ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???, ?????????? ????????, ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????, ???????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????. [25]

???? ?????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????????. ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????, ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????????, ??? ??? ???????? ????????, ???????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????. [107] 2017 ???? ???-? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????, ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????????. [108]

?????? ???????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????????. ????????, ??? ???? ????????????? ???????? ????? 6 ?????? ??????????, ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? 4 ???????? ????????. [109]

???????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????, ????????????? ??????????. [110]

?????? ??????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

  1. ↑ a word Bentham himself coined

???????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bibliotheque nationale de France BnF authorities : ????????? ??? ?????????? ? 2011.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Plamenatz J. P., Duignan B. Encyclopædia Britannica
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 SNAC ? 2010.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Internet Philosophy Ontology project
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 ?????????? ????????????
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Czech National Authority Database
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lundy D. R. The Peerage
  8. ↑ RESOL-2020-409-APN-MSG
  9. ↑ Бентам Иеремия // Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / под ред. А. М. Прохоров ? 3-е изд. ? Москва : Советская энциклопедия , 1969.
  10. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=iOOm8F5_sBcC&pg=PA608
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography / C. Matthew ? Oxford : OUP , 2004.
  12. ↑ Library of the World's Best Literature / C. D. Warner ? 1897.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Kindred Britain
  14. ↑ Johnson, Will. (2012) Ancestry of Jeremy Bentham . countyhistorian . ????????? ??????: 2018-06-11.
  15. ↑ Sweet, William (n.d.). ?Bentham, Jeremy“ . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . ????????? ??????: 2018-06-11 .
  16. ↑ Jeremy Bentham . utilitarianphilosophy.com (n.d.). ????????????? ???????????? ? 2017-05-20. ????????? ??????: 2018-06-11.
  17. ↑ Betham, Jeremy. A Comment on the Commentaries and a Fragment on Government , edited by J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart . London: The Athlone Press . 1977. p. 393.
  18. ↑ Burns 2005 , pp. 46?61.
  19. ↑ Bedau 1983 , pp. 1033?1065.
  20. ↑ Francione 2004 , p. 139: footnote 78
  21. ↑ Gruen 2003 .
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Benthall 2007 , p. 1.
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  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 UCL Academic Figures . ????????????? ???????????? ? 18 ????????? 2010. ????????? ??????: 23 ???????? 2020.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 ?????:Cite ODNB
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  27. ↑ Dupont & Onuf 2008 , pp. 32?33.
  28. ↑ Armitage 2007 .
  29. ↑ Anonymous 1776 , p. 3.
  30. ↑ Semple 1993 , pp. 99?100.
  31. ↑ Roth, Mitchel P (2006), Prisons and prison systems: a global encyclopedia , Greenwood, p. 33, ISBN   9780313328565 , https://books.google.com/books?id=RTH31DgbTzgC&pg=PA33
  32. ↑ Semple 1993 , pp. 99?101.
  33. ↑ Semple 1993 , pp. 134?40.
  34. ↑ Bentham, Jeremy. [1797] 1995. " The Panopticon Letters ." Pp. 29?95 in The Panopticon Writings , edited by M. Bo?ovi? . London: Verso Books .
  35. ↑ Bentham 1787 .
  36. ↑ Foucault 1977 , pp. 200, 249?256.
  37. ↑ Schofield, Philip (2009). Bentham: a guide for the perplexed . Continuum, ??. 90 ?93. ISBN 978-0-8264-9589-1 .  
  38. ↑ Semple 1993 , p. 118.
  39. ↑ Semple 1993, pp. 102?4, 107?8.
  40. ↑ Semple 1993, pp. 108?10, 262.
  41. ↑ Semple 1993, pp. 169?89.
  42. ↑ Semple 1993, pp. 194?7.
  43. ↑ Semple 1993, pp. 197?217.
  44. ↑ Semple 1993, pp. 217?22.
  45. ↑ Semple 1993, pp. 226?31.
  46. ↑ Semple 1993, pp. 236?9.
  47. ↑ Semple 1993, p. 244.
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  49. ↑ Semple 1993, pp. 279?81.
  50. ↑ French, Stanley. (n.d.) The Early History of Thames Magistrates' Court . Thames Police Museum . ????????? ??????: 2018-06-14.
  51. ↑ Everett, Charles Warren. 1969. Jeremy Bentham . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 0297179845 . OCLC   157781 .
  52. ↑ Persky 2007 , p. 228.
  53. ↑ Bentham 2002 , p. 291.
  54. ↑ Dario, Ruben (1887). ?La Literatura en Centro-America“ . Revista de artes y letras (????????). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. XI : 591. MC0060418 . ????????? ??????: 25 March 2019 . ?????? : ?In Guatemala there was Valle, a man of vast intellect, friend of Jeremias Bentham, with whom he corresponded frequently. Bentham sent him shortly before dying a lock of his hair and a golden ring, shiny as Jose Cecilio's style.“
  55. ↑ Laura Geggel (11 September 2018). ?Oddball Philosopher Had His Mummified Body Put on Display … and Now His Rings Are Missing“ . Live Science . ????????? ??????: 26 March 2019 . ?????? : ?We can safely assume that [Guatemalan philosopher and politician] Jose del Valle received one, as he is featured wearing it in a portrait," Causer said. "Interestingly, on the bookshelf of that portrait is one of Bentham’s works, as well as a Spanish translation of Say’s 'Traite d’economie politique.' It’s a neat, tangible link between Bentham, Say and del Valle.“
  56. ↑ Foundation of the Province . State Library of South Australia (5 February 2015). ????????? ??????: 19 November 2019
  57. ↑ Hamburger 1965 .
  58. ↑ Thomas 1979 .
  59. ↑ Bartle 1963 .
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Lucas & Sheeran 2006 , pp. 26?27.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Crimmins 1986 , p. 95.
  62. ↑ Bentham 1776 , Preface (2nd para.).
  63. ↑ Bentham 1821 , p. 24.
  64. ↑ Priestley 1771 , p. 17.
  65. ↑ May, Joshua (n.d.). ?Psychological Egoism“ . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . ????????? ??????: 2018-06-11 .
  66. ↑ Bentham, Jeremy. 1780. " Of The Principle of Utility ." Pp. 1?6 in An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation . London: T. Payne and Sons. eText . p. 1.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Bentham, Jeremy, 1748-1832. (2005). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation . [Chestnut Hill, Mass.?]: Elibron Classics. ISBN 1-4212-9048-0 . OCLC 64578728 .  
  68. ↑ Bentham, Jeremy. 1780. " Value of a Lot of Pleasure or Pain, How to be Measured ." Pp. 26?29 in An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation . London: T. Payne and Sons. eText .
  69. ↑ Kelly 1990 , p. 81.
  70. ↑ Mill, John Stuart . 1897. Early Essays of John Stuart Mill . London. pp. 401?04.
  71. ↑ Smith, George H.. (26 June 2012) Jeremy Bentham's Attack on Natural Rights . Libertarianism.org . ????????? ??????: 2018-06-11.
  72. ↑ Himmelfarb 1968 , p. 77.
  73. ↑ Postema 1986 , p. 148.
  74. ↑ Spiegel 1991 , pp. 341?343.
  75. ↑ Bentham, Jeremy. (1843) Tracts on Poor Laws and Pauper Management . bev.berkeley.edu . ????????? ??????: 27 March 2019
  76. ↑ Himmelfarb 1968 , pp. 74?75.
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Morriss 1999 .
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Bentham, Jeremy. 1780. " Of the Limits of the Penal Branch of Jurisprudence ." Pp. 307?35 in An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation . London: T. Payne and Sons.
  79. ↑ Bentham, Jeremy (9 March 1825). ?To the Editor of the Morning Chronicle“ . Morning Chronicle . London. p. 2. (??????? ???????????)
  80. ↑ Williford 1975 , p. 167.
  81. ↑ Bentham, Jeremy. 1780. " Of Circumstances Influencing Sensibility ." Pp. 40?56 in An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation . eText . London: T. Payne and Sons. p. 48.
  82. ↑ Campos Boralevi 2012 , p. 37.
  83. ↑ Bentham 2008 , pp. 389?406.
  84. ↑ Bentham 1834 , p. 101.
  85. ↑ McStay, Andrew. (8 November 2013) Why too much privacy is bad for the economy . The Conversation . ????????? ??????: 25 August 2014.
  86. ↑ Cutrofello 2014 , p. 115.
  87. ↑ Murphy 2014 , p. 61?62.
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Harte 1998 , pp. 5?8.
  89. ↑ Stephen 1894 , p. 32.
  90. ↑ Grayling 2013 , "19 York Street".
  91. ↑ Anon. (n.d.) Published Works of Jeremy Bentham . socialsciences.mcmaster.ca . ????????? ??????: 2018-06-12.
  92. ↑ Bentham, Jeremy. [1787] 2008. " Gulphs in Mankind's Career of Prosperity: A Critique of Adam Smith on Interest Rate Restrictions ." Econ Journal Watch 5(1):66?77. Abstract .
  93. ↑ Bentham, Jeremy. 1780. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation . London: T. Payne and Sons. eText . Wikisource .
  94. ↑ Bentham, Jeremy. 1791. Essay on Political Tactics: containing six of the Principal Rules proper to be observed by a Political Assembly In the process of a Forming a Decision: with the Reasons on Which They Are Grounded; and a comparative application of them to British and French Practice: Being a Fragment of a larger Work, a sketch of which is subjoined (1st ed.). London: T. Payne.
  95. ↑ Bowring, John , ed. 1838?1843. The Works of Jeremy Bentham 2 . Edinburgh: William Tait . Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  96. ↑ Rights, Representation, and Reform: Nonsense upon Stilts and Other Writings on the French Revolution , edited by P. Schofield, C. Pease-Watkin, and C. Blamires, eds. Oxford: University Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-19-924863-6 .
  97. ↑ Bentham, Jeremy. 1818. Church-of-Englandism and its Catechism Examined . London: Effingham Wilson .
  98. ↑ Bartle 1963 , p. 27.
  99. ↑ Schofield 2009a , pp. 475?494.
  100. ↑ Bentham Project . ????????????? ???????????? ? 20 ?????? 2010. ????????? ??????: 8 June 2002
  101. ↑ Schofield 2013 , pp. 51?70.
  102. ↑ The Bentham Project . Ucl.ac.uk. ????????? ??????: 26 April 2012.
  103. ↑ PRHLT text indexing and search interface for Bentham Papers . prhlt.upv.es.
  104. ↑ Marmoy, C.F.A. (1958). ?The 'Auto-Icon' of Jeremy Bentham at University College, London“ . Medical History . University College London. 2 (2): 77?86. doi : 10.1017/s0025727300023486 . PMC   1034365 . PMID   13526538 . ????????????? ???????????? ? 10 February 2007 . ????????? ??????: 3 March 2007 . ?????? : ?It seems that the case with Bentham's body now rested in New Broad Street; Southwood Smith did not remove to 38 Finsbury Square until several years later. Bentham must have been seen by many visitors, including Charles Dickens .“
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 Smallman, Etan. (12 July 2013) Bentham's corpse attends UCL board meeting . Metro . ????????? ??????: 2018-06-12.
  106. ↑ Das, Subhadra (curator). (November 19, 2018) (English). The Boring Talks . [podcast]. BBC . https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p05t3gr2/episodes/downloads .
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 UCL Bentham Project . University College London. ????????????? ???????????? ? 12 November 2010. ????????? ??????: 22 July 2011.
  108. ↑ Sarah Knapton (2 October 2017). ?Severed head of eccentric Jeremy Bentham to go on display as scientists test DNA to see if he was autistic“ . Daily Telegraph . ????????? ??????: 9 October 2017 .
  109. ↑ https://www.utilitarianism.com/jeremy-bentham/life.html
  110. ↑ About UCL Laws . University College London (2009). ????????????? ???????????? ? 20 ?????? 2014. ????????? ??????: 11 April 2014.

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