??????? ( ???? . Zement < ??? . caementum ? ?????, ????????? ???) ? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????; ???-???? ????????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????????, ????????? ???????? ??????????? (?????????) ?????????????, ???????????????? ?? ???.

?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? , ????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? (???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????). ???? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? (???? ?????), ????????? ????????? (???? ????????) ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? (?????? ???????) ??????????; ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????.

1795 ???? ?. ???????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????????, ???? 1824 ???? ?. ???????? ( ??????? ) ?? 1825 ???? ?. ???????? ( ?????? ) ??????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ???? ???????????????? ?????????????? ???????.

?????? ??????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

• ????????????
• ???????????????

????????? ?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

• British Cement Association (UK)
• Cembureau (EU) ???????????? 2010-07-04 ?????? Wayback Machine .
• Portland Cement Association (US)
• Verein Deutscher Zementwerke e. V. (VDZ), (Germany) ???????????? 2011-07-19 ?????? Wayback Machine .
• Carbon dioxide emission from the global cement industry (in 1994) ^{[ ??????? ????? ]}

?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

• ??????? ??????? ???????????? , ?. 11, ??. , 1987. ? ??. 193.

?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? . ????? ????????? ??????? ??? .