???? ???????
????? ???? ?????? , 2014 ????.
???????	?????
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????????????	32°02′00″ ?. ?. 44°24′00″ ?. ?.  /  32.03333° ?. ?. 44.40000° ?. ?.  / 32.03333; 44.40000
???????	622
??????? ???????	30 ?????
??????????	110 000 ???? (2003)
??????? ????????	UTC+3
???? ????????????

???? ( ????. ?????? , ??-???? ) ? ?????? ?????? . ?????????? ?????????? ????????? 170 ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????-???????????? 10 ??????????. ???????????? ???????? ????? ??????????. 2003 ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? 110 000 ????????.

?????????? , ??????????? , ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????. ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????. ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??-??????? ????.

??????? ?????????? VII ????????? ??????? ???????? ???-???? ???????? ?????? .

?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

• Crone, Patricia. Roman, Provincial and Islamic Law: The Origins of the Islamic Patronate. Cambridge University Press, paperback ed. 2002
• Hallaq, Wael. The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge University Press, 2005
• Hawting, Gerald R. The First Dynasty of Islam. Routledge. 2nd ed, 2000
• Hinds, Martin. Studies in Early Islamic History. Darwin Press, 1997
• Hoyland, Robert G. Seeing Islam as Others Saw It. Darwin Press, 1998

????????? ?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

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