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??????? ??????? ? ??????????, ????????????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ????, ????????. ?? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????. 1980-???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?? XX ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????????.

??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? 1874 ????. ^[1] ?????????? ?????, ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ????????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???. ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????????. ??????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??-20 ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????. ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????, ?.?. ???????????“ ??????????? ???????? ?????, ???? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????????.

??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????????, ????? ?????????? ????????????? ?? ?????????????, ???. ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????. ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? , ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????.

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↑ James W. Cortada (2015). Before the Computer: IBM, NCR, Burroughs, and Remington Rand and the Industry They Created, 1865?1956 . Princeton University Press, ??. 38. ISBN 978-1-4008-7276-3 .

[1] James W. Cortada (2015). Before the Computer: IBM, NCR, Burroughs, and Remington Rand and the Industry They Created, 1865?1956 . Princeton University Press, ??. 38. ISBN 978-1-4008-7276-3 .

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