????????????????? ?????????? , ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? 14-?? ?????????? ? ??????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????, ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????. ?????? ?????????? 1940-???? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????????????. ????????? ?????? ?????, ???????? 1960 ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????, ¹⁴ C, ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????????. ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????, ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ????, ???? ??????? ????? ??????????, ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????, ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????, ???? ????????, ?? ?? ?????????? ¹⁴ C ??????? ???? ??????????????? ??????. ????????? 14-?? ????????????? ???????? (?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????) 5 730 ????.

1960-???? ???????? ???????????? ????????, ?? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ???????. ???????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????, ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ¹⁴ C. ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????, ????????? ??????? ?? ???????. ????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? 1950-1960-??? ??????. ???? ????, ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ????????, ????? ????????? 14-?? ??????, ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???????. ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????????, ?????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ?????? XIX ???????? ???????, ????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????????, ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? 1965 ????????, ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????, ????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??????????.

??????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

1939 ????, ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????, ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????, ???? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????. ??? ????????? ????????? 14 ?????????????, ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ?????????, ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???, ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ^[2] ?? ?????????? ???? ?. ??????, ??????????? ?????????? ????????????, ????????? ?????????, ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ????????? 14-?. ^{[3] [4] [5]} ??????? ??? ?????????, ??? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ????????? 13-??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????. ^[2] ????? ??????? ???? ????, ?????? ?????, ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????, ??? ??????????? ??? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????????????. ^{[4] [5]}

1945 ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????????, ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????????. 1946 ???? ??????????? ???????, ??????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????. ^{[6] [7]} ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? , ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????, ??? ??? ???????? ¹⁴ C-?. ???? ??????????????, ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????. ???????? ???????? 1947 ????, ???? ???????? ???????????, ??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????????. ^{[6] [8]}

????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??????, ???? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ???. ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????, ???????? ??????: ?????? ?? ?????? . ????? ????????????? ??. ?. 2625 ?. ???? ????? 75 ???? ?? ???????????????? ????????, ????????? ???????? ??. ?. 2800 ?. ???? ????? 250 ????. ?? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?Science“- ??, 1949 ????. ^{[9] [10]} ?????? 11 ???? ??????, ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? 20-?? ???? ????????????????? ??????????? ???????????. ^[11] 1960 ???? ?? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ^[6]

????? ?? ?????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???????, ????????? 12 ( ¹² C) ?? ????????? 13 ( ¹³ C) ?? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? 14-?? ( ¹⁴ C) ???????, ??????? ????????, ?????? ????????????????“. ???????? ????????? 14-?? ????????????? ??????? 5 730 ???? ????????, ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????. ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????, ????? ????? ????????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????????????, ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????. ^{[6] [12]} ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? , ?????? ???? 14 -?? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? 14-?? ??????? ?? ??????? : ^[6]

n + ¹⁴ N → ¹⁴ C + p

????? n ??????????? ????????, ???? p ???????. ^{[13] [14]} ?????????? ??????, ????????? 14 ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? , ??? ????????, ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? (CO), ^[14] ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????? (CO ₂ ). ^[15] ??????? ???????????? ????????????:

¹⁴ C + O ₂ → ¹⁴ CO + O

¹⁴ CO + OH → ¹⁴ CO ₂ + H

?? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ????, ???????????? ???????? ??????????. ????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????, ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ¹⁴ C-??? ?? ¹² C-?? ??????????? ???? ????????????, ?????? 1,25 ???? ¹⁴ C ????? 10 ¹² ??? ¹² C -??. ^[16] ????? ?????, ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? 1% ???? ????????? ??????? ¹³ C. ^[6]

????????? 14-?? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????: ^[17]

¹⁴ C→ ¹⁴ N + e ^- + ν _e

???????? ??????????? ???? ???????????, ????? ??????????? ????????? , ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ???? 14-?? ????????? ???????.

?????????? ???????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????, ??? ????????????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? 14-??, ?? ?????????????? ???????????, ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????????. ??? ??????, ??? ????????? ????????????, ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? 12-??? ?????????. ???????? ????? ???????????, ???, ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????????????, ?????????? ??? ???? ????????? 14-?? ???????, ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????. ^[16]

?????????, ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????: ^[6]

${\displaystyle N=N_{0}\,e^{-\lambda t}\,}$

????? N ₀ ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????, N ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????, ???? t ???? ???. ^[6] λ ??????????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????????. ^[6]

??????? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ¹⁴ C/ ¹² C ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???, ??? ?????????? ???????????. ????, ??????? ??????????? ¹⁴ C-?? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????. ??????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? 14-?? ????????????? ????????. ??????? ?????????, ??? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? 5 730 ± 40 ?????. ^[6] ?? ???????, ??? 5 730 ???? ??????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????, ???????? ??????? 11 460 ???? ??????, ???? 17 190 ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????.

????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????, ????????? ??????????? ¹⁴ C- ?? ???? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????. ^[6] ????????????, ??????????? ¹⁴ C- ?? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????. ^[18] ???????? ?????????, ????? ????????? ¹⁴ C- ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????. ^{[19] [20]}

?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

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