????????

??????? , ???????	?????? , ?????	??????? , ???????	??????? ( Ma )
?????????	???????????	?????????	???? ??????????
???????	????????	??????????	2.58-3.600
	????????	????????	3.600-5.333
	???????	????????	5.333-7.246
		?????????	7.246-11.63
		??????????	11.63-13.82
		???????	13.82-15.97
		???????????	15.97-20.44
		???????????	20.44-23.03
?????????	?????????	??????	???? ?????
????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????, ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ^[1]

???????? (??????? P _O^[2]; ??. ?????. πλε?ον ? ???? ?? καιν?? ? ?????, ???????????) ? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????; ??????? ??????? , ??? ??????? ??????????? . ?????? 5,332 ??? . ???? ??? ?? ???????? 2,588 ??? . ???? ???. ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? , ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? 4 ????????? ??????.

????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????. ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? 2-3 °C ???? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????????, ^[3] ????? ????????? ???? ?? 25 ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????. ^[4] ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ????, ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? 3 ??? . ???? ???. ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????, ?????? ????, ?????? ???????. ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????. ^[5]

????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????. ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? . ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????. ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????.

????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????????????, ???????? ?? ??????? . ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????.

???? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????????. ????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??? ? ?? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ?????????????? ????????????. ^[6]

?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ? ????????? ???????. ^[6]

????????? ?????
????????? ?????
????????? ?????
????????? ?????

????????? ?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????? ? ???????????? ????????? ( ????????? )
???????? ? ??????? ( ?????? )

?????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

↑ ICS Timescale Chart .
↑ Geologic Age Symbol Font (StratagemAge) . USGS. ????????? ??????: 2011-06-22.
↑ Robinson, M., H.J. Dowsett, and M.A. Chandler, 2008: Pliocene role in assessing future climate impacts. Eos Trans. Amer. Geophys. U., 89, 501-502. [1] ???????????? 2011-10-22 ?????? Wayback Machine .
↑ Dwyer, G.S., and M.A. Chandler, 2009: Mid-Pliocene sea level and continental ice volume based on coupled benthic Mg/Ca palaeotemperatures and oxygen isotopes. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. A, 367, 157-168, [2] ???????????? 2011-10-21 ?????? Wayback Machine .
↑ The Pliocene epoch . University of California Museum of Paleontology . ????????? ??????: 2008-03-25.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ?????????? ? .. ??????????? ???????? ????????? (??????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????????) . ???????, ???.: ?????, ??. 14 ??. 1964.

[1] ICS Timescale Chart .

[2] Geologic Age Symbol Font (StratagemAge) . USGS. ????????? ??????: 2011-06-22.

[3] Robinson, M., H.J. Dowsett, and M.A. Chandler, 2008: Pliocene role in assessing future climate impacts. Eos Trans. Amer. Geophys. U., 89, 501-502. [1] ???????????? 2011-10-22 ?????? Wayback Machine .

[4] Dwyer, G.S., and M.A. Chandler, 2009: Mid-Pliocene sea level and continental ice volume based on coupled benthic Mg/Ca palaeotemperatures and oxygen isotopes. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. A, 367, 157-168, [2] ???????????? 2011-10-21 ?????? Wayback Machine .

[5] The Pliocene epoch . University of California Museum of Paleontology . ????????? ??????: 2008-03-25.

[Mar-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ?????????? ? .. ??????????? ???????? ????????? (??????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????????) . ???????, ???.: ?????, ??. 14 ??. 1964.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]