????????

???????? (?????????: croissant ?????????: [ k?wa.s?? ] ??????? ) ???? ????????? , ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????, ???????? ????????? ????????? ????, ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????? . ^[1] ??????, ???? ?????? ????, ????? ?????? " crescent "-???, ??? ???????? ?????????????? ???????. ???????????? ?????????? ??????????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ??????????? ???????????, ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????, ???????????? ?????????????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????.

?????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????, II?IV ?????????????. ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????????, ????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??-20 ???????? ?????????? ?????. 1970-???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????, ????????, ???????? ?????????????, ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????, ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???-??? ?????? ????? ^[2] ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????, ???????????? ???????????? La Croissanterie ???????????? ?????. ???????????, 2008 ???? ??????????? ????????, ???????? ?????????????? 30-40% ??????? ???? ??????? ^[3] ??????????? ????????????? ^[4].

???????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????.

????????? ?? ??????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????? , ????????? ???????????? ??????, ?????????? ??-13 ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????.

????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? (?????? ???????????) ???????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? 1839 ?????? ???????????????, ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ^[5]. ?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????, ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????.

???????????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??-20 ???????? ????????? ???????????. ???? 1869 ????, ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????, 1872 ???? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???-??? ??????????? ^[6].

????????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????????????, ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????? , ????? ??????? ?? ?.? ?????, ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????, ??, ????????, ????? ?????. ?.?.?- ??, ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?.? ???????, ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ??????, ??????. ??????????, ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????.

?????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????????? ???????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ?? ?????? . ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????, ?????, ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????????. ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????, ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????. ???????, ????????? ???????? ?????, ???-???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????.

???????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

11 ????????, ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????? , ????????????? ????????? . ?? ???? ???????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ?wi?tomarci?skie , ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????, ???????? ?? ?.?

???????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? , ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????.

?????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

[1] ttps://altohartley.com/a-brief-history-of-the-croissant/

[2] ttps://archive.today/20120719055314/http://www.bakchich.info/Il-est-bon-mon-croissant-surgele,02904.html

[3] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20130825233444/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C924419%2C00.html

[4] ttps://archive.today/20120719055314/http://www.bakchich.info/Il-est-bon-mon-croissant-surgele,02904.html

[5] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20160303175218/http://www.slowfood.fr/bulletin/Diner_BS_PNY_2409_discours.pdf

[6] "The Cupboard papers: VIII. The Sweet Art", 30 November 1872

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