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???? ?????????????????? ?????? ??? (???????????????????) .
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??? ??? ????? ? ????????? ????????-????????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????????. ??????? ?????, ???? ?? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?????. ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ??????? , ??????????? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????. ???, ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????????, ????????? ???? ??????????????, ??????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????, ????? ???????? ????? . ?? ???? ????????-?????????? ??????, ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????????. [1]

???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????, ?????? ????????????? ???????????????“, [2] ???? ??? ??????? ????, ?????? ???????????? ???????????????“. [3]

??? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ?????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????. ??? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ?????, ??? ??? ?????????? ???????????????, ?????????? ?????, ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????. ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????“ ??? ??????????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????. [4]

?????????? ?? ???????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??????? ??????:  ??? (?????????) .

?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????; ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????, ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ???. ????????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????, ??????, ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????“. ??????-???? ????????? ???????? ??????“ ??? ??????????, ?????? ???????? ?????“ ???, ??????????? ????????, ????? ??????????.

?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????, ????? ??? natio ( n?t?? ) ????????????? ???????? ??????????“. [5]

???????? ????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????????? ?????, ??? ???????? ???????? [6] ??????????, ??? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????, ???? ?????????? ????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ??????, ?? ????????? ?? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ???-??? ????. ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??-?????????? , ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????“. [7]

???? ??????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? , ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????: ???????? ?? ??????????? , ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? , ?????? , ?????? ?? ?????? . ?????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????. [8] ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????????? ????: ???? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ???????? , 1944, ???????? 27?30, ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????, ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????-??????????? ?????“. [9]

?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????????? . ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????????????, ?????????, ????? , ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????: ??????????? , ??????-???????????? ( ????????? , ?????? - ?????????? ?? ??????).

????? ?????? ?????? ??-?????????? ?????? ?. ????? ?????????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????-?????????? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ????????? [10] ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????: ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????? . [11]

????? ??? ??????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????????????? 900-1300 ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????, ?? ????????????, ??? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????-??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????. [12]

?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????: ??????????, ??????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ????, ??? ???????? ?????-????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????, ???? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????. ????????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ???? , ?????????, ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????, ???? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????. ????????? ???????, ??? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? (???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????) ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? 1380-??? ??????. ??? ?????????, ??? ????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????. [13]

???? ???? ?? ????????? ???????, ???????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? , ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????????????. [14]

??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? . ??????????????? ????????? ?????????-???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? (?????? ?????????, ??? ????????) ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ?????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????????????. ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ????-??????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????.

???????? nationes ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????? natio -? ??????????. [15] ??????? ????????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ???????????, ???????? ??????????? ?????? pays -?? ( ?????. ??????? ), ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????. 1383-84 ??????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? natio -? ??? ???? ????????????. ????????? ???????? ??? 1349 ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????? nationes -??, ??????? ????? ????????????? ?????????, ?????????, ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? .

?????? ?????, ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????-?????????, ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? 1436 ????. [16]

?????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????? ???????? ?????????? ???????: ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????“, ????? ?. ?????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? , ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????, ???, ????? ?????, ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????. [17]

2013 ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?? XVI ???????? ?????????????“, ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????. [18]

???????, ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?. ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????: ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? . [19]

????? ?????? ????????????: ???? ??? ??????????????????? , ??? ????????? ??????????, ??? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? 1600 ????. ?????????? ????????, ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???. [20] [21]

??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????, ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????. ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ???-??????????? ???????? ????????, ??? ?????????? ???????????? 1919 - 1921 ?????? ?? 1991 ?????? ??????.

?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

XX ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????, ?????????? ??? , ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? , ?????? ???????? ??? ????????. ????????? ????????? ????? XIX ???????? ?????????? ?????????????????, ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????, ????????, ????????, ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????????. [22]

????? ?????, ?????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? , XVIII ???????? ????? ?????????????? ?? ????????????????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????“, ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????. [23] ????? ???, ???????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????????. [22]

??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ????????, ?????????? ????????, ??? ??????? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ???????????, ?????? ????????, ??? ???????????, ?????????? ?? ???????. ???????? ?? ???????? ????????, ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????, ?????, ?????? ?????????????, ?????????????, ??????????? ??????????. [22]

???? ???????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

XVIII ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??-??????????? ??????. ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????. [24] ???????? ?????? ??????????? XVIII ???????? ????????, ?????? ???????????? (??????????) ?? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????. [25]

???????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????. ????????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? . ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????, ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????. [26]

XVIII ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????, ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????. ???????????? , ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????, ??? ???? ???????????????? ?? ??????????, ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????. ?? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????????. [27]

?????????? ??????, ????????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????, ???????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????-??????????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???????????? ??????.

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????????? ?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

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  1. ↑ See, Anthony D. Smith, "Ethnie and Nation in the Modern World", Millennium , 14:2 (1983), 128-32; Peter Alter, Nationalism (London: Edward Arnold, 1989), 17.
  2. ↑ Anderson, Benedict (1983). Imagined Communities . London: Verso Publications.  
  3. ↑ James, Paul (1996). Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community . London: Sage Publications, ??. 34 'A nation is at once an objectively abstract society of strangers, usually connected by a state, and a subjectively embodied community whose members experience themselves as an integrated group of compatriots.'. ISBN 0-7619-5072-9 .  
  4. ↑ James, Paul (2006). Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In . London: Sage Publications.  
  5. ↑ Harper, Douglas. Nation . Online Etymology Dictionary . ????????? ??????: 5 June 2011. .
  6. ↑ Earnest Gellner , Nations and Nationalism, 1983.
  7. ↑ Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2013, p. 85
  8. ↑ Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2013, p. 89
  9. ↑ Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2013, p. 90
  10. ↑ Edward E. Cohen, The Athenian Nation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000
  11. ↑ The Endurance of Nationalism: Ancient Roots and Modern Dilemmas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
  12. ↑ Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe 900-1300, Oxford, 1997.
  13. ↑ Adrian Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997
  14. ↑ Azar Gat, Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2013, China, p. 93 Korea, p. 104 and Japan p., 105.
  15. ↑ see: nation (university)
  16. ↑ Pedro Tafur, Andancas e viajes .
  17. ↑ Philip S. Gorski, "The Mosaic Moment: An Early Modernist Critique of the Modernist Theory of Nationalism", American Journal of Sociology 105:5 (2000), pp. 1428?68. [1]
  18. ↑ Diana Muir Appelbaum, Biblical nationalism and the sixteenth-century states, National Identities , 2013, [2]
  19. ↑ Anthony D. Smith, Chosen Peoples: Sacred Sources of National Identity (Oxford University Press, 2003) and Myths and Memories of the Nation (Oxford University Press, 1999).
  20. ↑ Steven Guilbert, The Making of English National Identity, http://www.cercles.com/review/R12/kumar7.htm
  21. ↑ Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity, Harvard University Press, 1992.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Noiriel, Gerard (1992). Population, immigration et identite national en France:XIX-XX Siecle. . Hachette. ISBN 2010166779 .  
  23. ↑ Rogers Brubaker , Citizenship and nationhood in France and Germany, Harvard University Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0-674-13178-1
  24. ↑ Baubock, Rainer, and Thomas Faist. Diaspora and Transnationalism: Concepts, Theories and Methods. Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 2010. Print.
  25. ↑ Manning, Patrick The African Diaspora: A History through Culture , Columbia studies in international and global history. Columbia University Press, ??. np. ISBN 9780231513555 . ????????? ??????: 2014-01-02 . ?The nation began to emerge in the late 18th century as the leading form of government and social organization.“  
  26. ↑ Manning, Patrick The African Diaspora: A History through Culture , Columbia studies in international and global history. Columbia University Press, ??. np. ISBN 9780231513555 . ????????? ??????: 2014-01-02 . ?Haiti and Liberia stand out as early black nations; the United States and Brazil stand out as early, multicultural nations with large black populations. Nationhood came gradually to all black people. National identity brought rights to vote, to hold office, and independence for a growing number of black territories held under colonial rule.“  
  27. ↑ Manning, Patrick. The African Diaspora: A History through Culture. New York: Columbia UP, 2009. Print.
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