???? ??????
(
????.
Group of Eight,
G8
) ? ??? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????? 1997-2014 ??????
[1]
. ?? ??????????? G7-?? ???????????? ???????, ??????? ????? ????????????? ????
??????
, ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? 2014 ???? ??????? ????????? ??????
[2]
.
?????? ???????
1975
????, ??????? ????? ??????? (
???????????
,
?????????
,
???????
,
????????
,
????????????? ????????
??
?????????? ????????
) ???????????????, ??????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????????? ? ????? ????????“ (G6). 1976 ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????“ (G7). 1997 ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????“ (G8). 2014 ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????“ (G7) ?????????
[3]
[4]
[5]
. 2017 ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? G8-??? ??????? ??????? ???????
[2]
. ?????, G7-?? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????, ??? ????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????
[6]
[7]
[8]
.
2005 ????, ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????, ??? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ????????, ??????, ???????, ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ???????????? ????????? G8 ???????????, ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? G8+5, ?? ???????? ?????:
????????
,
??????
,
???????
,
???????
??
??????? ??????? ??????????
. ?? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????.
1973
????
????????
???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????. 1974 ???? ???-??, ??????????? ????????????? ?????, ???????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???-???, ????????????? ?????????, ???????? ???????????, ?????????? ?? ?????????????.
1975
????,
??????????? ???????????
?????? ??????-?’???????
, ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????, ?????????, ??????????, ????????????? ????????? ?? ???-???
?????????
???????. ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???-???????. ?? ?????
????? ????????“
??????? (G6). ???????? ????, ?????? ???????? ?? ?????
????????? ?????????
?????? ???????
??
???-?? ???????????
?????? ??????
[9]
????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? (G7). ??????????? ?????????????
???????????? ???????????
???? ?? ?? ???????
???????????
????, ??????? ??????? ????
??????? ???????? ??????
??????????. ???????????? ??????????
1977
[10]
?????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????. ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????.
??????? ????? ?? ???? ???
??????? ?????????
1991
???? ?????????.
1994
?????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ??????
??????
??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? G7 ??????????.
????????????? ??????? ???????-?????????
,
???? ??????
?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????
??? ?????????
[11]
????????, ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????
1997
????, ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????“ (G8).
G8-? ???????? 2007 ????, ??????????
G8 ????????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????, ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????,
????
??
??????? ?????
. ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????, ?? ??????? ????? ????????????.
2008
???? G8 -?? ?????? ???????? ?????? G9, ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????.
?????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????, ????? ???? ????????????? ???? ??????????
1 ???????
. ??????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????. ??????? 2008 ???? ???? ?????? ??????????, ???? ?????? 2009 ???? ??????. ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????????. ????????? ??????? ???????????, ????????????? ???????, ?????, ????????? ?? ????????? ???????????, ??????????, ?????, ??????? ????????, ????????????? ?? ???????? ??????????, ????????? ?? ???????. ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? "G8+5", ??????? ???????
1995
???? ????????????,
??????????
???????, ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? O5-?? ????????: ????????, ??????, ???????, ??????? ?? ??????? ??????.
2005 ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????
???????????
[12]
. G8-? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????
??????????
.
[13]
2007 ????
?????????????
???????, G8 ?????? ??????????? ???????????????, ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????. ????? ??????????? ????????????, ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????. 1 ???? ??????, 2008 ???? 8 ?????, G8-? ????????, ?????????, ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????, ???????? ????????? ???????????, ??????????? ??????????? ??????????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? 2008 ????,
????????
.
[14]
?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? 34-? ??????????? G8-? ????????? ????????? ????????????,
????????
,
?????????
, G8-? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? 2008 ???? 13 ?? 14 ?????
???????
, ?????????. ??? ????????? "???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? , ??? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????????". ??????????, ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ????? (CIF), ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????
UNFCCC
(????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????) 2012 ???? ?????? ??????????.
[15]
?????????? G8-?? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? 8 ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????. ?????? ????????????? ??????, ??? G-8-? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????, ????? 3 ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????. G8-? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???????????????, ?????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????.
[16]
G8 ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????????, ?????? G8-? ??????????? ????????????.
[17]
G8 ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????????, ???? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????, ??????? ???? ??? ?????????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ???????, 2005 ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? (?? ???????). ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? 2008 ???? ???????.
G8 ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????????????, ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????, ????? ?? ???????????.
[16]
G8-?? ???????? ????? ????????????
??????? ???? ?????????
[18]
65%-?, ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? G8-??, ?????????? ??????? ??????????? 14%-? ????????????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? 65 %-?.
- G8-? ???????????? ??????
????????????
2009-05-01 ??????
Wayback Machine
. ,
G8-? ???????????? ?????
,
???????? ????????????
- G8: ??????? ??? ???????!,
"G8-? ???????????? ?????"
, oxfam.org
- "?????????? ???????????: G8"
,
??????? ??????????
- "???????: G8"
,
BBC-? ????? ??????
- "We are deeply concerned. Again"
,
New Statesman
,
4 July
2005
, ?G8 development concerns since 1977
- "G8 Dossier"
by the
Internationalist Review
, ?On-line dossier with analysis, photo series and links on G8 protests
- FACTBOX - Climate Change High on G8 Agenda In Japan
(
Planet Ark
).
- G8 Reaches Tentative Climate Change Deal
.
- Anti G8, Anti globalization Forum at www.3monkeyz.net
????????????
2008-04-18 ??????
Wayback Machine
.
- ↑
The Group of Eight (G8) Industrialized Nations
. CFR. ?????????????
????????????
? 15 ???????? 2013.
????????? ??????: 21 September 2014
- ↑
2.0
2.1
Russia just quit the G8 for good
(13 January 2017).
- ↑
?U.S., other powers kick Russia out of G8“
. CNN.com. 24 March 2014
. ????????? ??????:
25 March
2014
.
- ↑
Smale, Alison; Shear, Michael D. (24 March 2014).
?Russia Is Ousted From Group of 8 by U.S. and Allies“
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
. ????????? ??????:
21 December
2015
.
- ↑
Russia suspended from G8 over annexation of Crimea, Group of Seven nations says
.
National Post
(24 March 2014).
????????? ??????: 21 December 2015
- ↑
?FDP's push to invite Putin to G7 sows discord within possible German coalition“
.
Reuters
. 12 October 2017.
- ↑
G7 beraten uber Syrien und die Ukraine
de.
- ↑
?Trump calls for Russia to be invited to G8“
.
Financial Times
. 8 June 2018. ?????????????
????????????
? 10 December 2022.
- ↑
G8: The Most Exclusive Club in the World
, Thomas S. Axworthy,
The Canadian Encyclopedia
, Historica Foundation of Canada, Toronto, Undated
.Accessed07-12-2008.
- ↑
EU and the G8
. European Union. ?????????????
????????????
? 2007-12-26.
????????? ??????: 2006-07-17.
- ↑
Russia ? Odd Man Out in the G-8
, Mark Medish,
The Globalist
, 02-24-2006
????????????
2008-03-05 ??????
Wayback Machine
. .Accessed: 07-12-2008]
- ↑
G8 to launch international pedophile database
David Batty June 18, 2005
The Guardian
- ↑
G8 to pool data on terrorism
Martin Wainwright June 18, 2005
The Guardian
- ↑
The International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC).
June 8, 2008.
- ↑
CLIMATE-L.ORG: G8 Finance Ministers Support Climate Investment Funds
- ↑
16.0
16.1
Feldman, Adam.
"What's Wrong With The G-8,"
????????????
2008-08-03 ??????
Wayback Machine
.
Forbes
(New York). July 7, 2008.
- ↑
Lee, Don.
"On eve of summit, G-8's relevance is unclear,"
Los Angeles Times.
July 6, 2008.
- ↑
United Nations Development Programme