??????? ????? ?????? - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Earth

????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ??????. ^{[1] [2]} ????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? . ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????. ??? ????????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? , ???? ???????? ????????? - ?????????? ; ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? , ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????; ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????????; ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????; ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ???????.

????????
?????????? ??????????????
????????	152 097 701 ?? 1,0167103335 ?. ?.
???????????	147 098 074 ?? 0,9832898912 ?. ?.
???? ????????????  (a)	149 597 887,5 ?? 1,0000001124 ?. ?.
??????? ???????????????  (e)	0,016710219
??????????? ???????? ???????	365,256366 ??? 365 ??? 6 ??. 9 ??. 10 ??.
?????????? ???????  (v)	29,783 ??/?? 107 218 ??/??
?????????  (i)	7,25° (???? ????????? ??????)
????????? ??????? ??????  ( ${\displaystyle \Omega }$)	348,73936°
??????????? ?????????  ( ${\displaystyle \omega }$)	114,20783°
?????????????	1 ( ?????? )
???????? ??????????????
????????	0,0033528
???????? ???????	6 356,8 ??
??????? ???????	6 371,0 ??
???? ???? ???????????????	40009,88 ??
????????? ??????? (S)	510 072 000 ??²
???????? (V)	10,832073×10 11 ??³
???? (m)	5,9736×10 24 ??
??????? ?????????  ( ${\displaystyle \rho }$)	5,5153 ?/??³
?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? (g)	9,780327 ?/??²
??????? ????????? ???????  ( ${\displaystyle v_{1}}$)	7,91 ??/??
????? ????????? ???????  ( ${\displaystyle v_{2}}$)	11,186 ??/??
??????? ???????  (T)	0,99726968 ???
?????? ?????????	23,439281°
??????	0,367
???????????
	???. ???. ????.
????? ??????	?89 °C (184,16 K) 14 °C (287,16 K, 11,20 °R, 57,20 °F) 57,7 °C
?????????
???????????? : 78,08 % ????? (N 2 ) 20,95 % ???????? (O 2 ) 0,93 % ?????? (Ar) 0,038 % ????????????? (CO 2 ) ?????????? 1 % ????? ?????? (????????????? ????????)

?????????? ????? ???????? (GTS), ?????? ?? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? , ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. (?????????: Ga ??????? "???????? ???? ???"; Ma, "??????? ???? ???".) ???????? ??????? 4,54 ???????? ???? ???, ^[3] ?????? ??????????, ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????????? ?? ???????????? ???????. ????????? ?????????????, ?????, ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ?????? - ?????? , ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???. ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????, ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? . ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????. ?????????, ??????? ????, ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ???????????. ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????, ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????????. ????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????????, ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????. ???? ???????, ??? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????: ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????, ?????? ????????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????????. ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ,,????" ?????????, ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????.

,,???????? ????" ??????????? ????????? ??????? (?????????) ??????????? ???????; ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? 4.0 ???????? ???? ???. ??????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????. ???????? ????? ???? ?????????, ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????.

?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? 3,5 ???????? ???? ???, ^[4] ??????? ??????, ??? ??????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ???????? ????????? ???????, ????????? ??????????????, ???????? ??????? 3.48 ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? . ^{[5] [6]} ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? , ??????? ?????????? 3.7 ???????? ???? ??? ???????-???????? ???????????? , ?? ??????? "????????? ????????? ???????", ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????, ??????, 4.1 ???????? ???? ???. ^{[7] [8]}

????????????? ???????????, ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????, 3.2 ?? 2.4 ???????? ???? ??? ??????. ?????????? 580 ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ????????, ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? 541 ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ??????????, ??? 99 % ?? ?????????????, ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????, ??? ????????? ?????. ^[9] ???? ???? ?????? ?????????. ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????, ???? ????????? ?????????? 10 ?????????? 14 ???????????, ^[10] ?????????? ?????????? 1.2 ???????? ???????????????, ?????? 86 ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ????. ^[11] ???????, ??????? ????????? ????, ??? ?????????? ???????? 1 ???????? ???????, ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????. ^[12]

????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???????? - ???? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????????? ?????????? ????????????, ????? ???????? ???????, ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????. ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????, ????? ??????? ????????? , ????????? ????????, ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ?????????? ???????? ????????????? , ???????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ??????????? ??, ???????, ???????? , ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????.

?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????: ??????????? ???????????, ???????????? ?? ?????????????? . ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????, ??? ?? ????????? ????????, ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????. ??????? ?????, ??????? ????????????? ???????????, ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????????.

????????? ????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????,????????, ???????? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????, ????????? ?? ????????????? , ???????? ????????? ,,?????????? ??????". ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? 1953 ???? ??????????? ????????????? ??????, ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????, ????????????, ????? ???????, ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????. ^[13] ????????????? ???????????? ????????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????, ??????????????????? ????????? ???????????????, ??????????????? ??????. ^[14]

?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? 3,5 ???????? ???? ???, ^[15] ??????? ??????, ??? ??????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ?????? ??????. ????????????? ????????????, ???????? 3.2 ?? 2.4 ???????? ???? ??? ??????????, ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????.

???????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (361,1 ??? ?? ² ??? 70,8 %). ??????? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????. ?? ?????????????: ???????, ??????, ???. ???????, ?????. ???????, ?????????? ?? ?????????.

????????????? ???????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????. ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??, ?????, ???????????? ??? ?????????? ???????. ????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????-?????????? ??????????? ??????. ^[16] ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????. ???????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????. ?????????????? ????????, ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????.

??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? . ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????????.

??????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ????? ???? 60 ??????? ???? ????????????. ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???. ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??, ???????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? - ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ^[17] ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????? , ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ????????? ????????, ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????????.

???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????. ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????????. ????-?????, ??????? ??????????? ?????????, ?? ??????????, ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? , ??? ?????, ????, ?? ????? ???????? (???????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????????), ??????? (???????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????????) ?? ??????????? ???????????. ???? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. ?? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? "??????? ??????????" ????????.

?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

• Stanley, Steven M. (2005). Earth system history (2nd ed.). New York: Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-3907-4
• Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, James George; Smith, Alan Gilbert, eds. (2004). A Geological Time Scale 2004 . Reprinted with corrections 2006. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78673-7
• Schopf, J. William; Kudryavtsev, Anatoliy B.; Czaja, Andrew D.; Tripathi, Abhishek B. (5 October 2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils". Precambrian Research. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 158 (3?4): 141?155. Bibcode:2007PreR..158..141S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009. ISSN 0301-9268
• Schopf, J. William; Kudryavtsev, Anatoliy B.; Czaja, Andrew D.; Tripathi, Abhishek B. (5 October 2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils". Precambrian Research. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 158 (3?4): 141?155. Bibcode:2007PreR..158..141S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009. ISSN 0301-9268

????????? ?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

• https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html
• https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/10445788/Oldest-signs-of-life-on-Earth-found.html
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870916/
• https://web.archive.org/web/20151023200248/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151019/us-sci--earliest_life-a400435d0d.html
• https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf ???????????? 2015-11-06 ?????? Wayback Machine .
• https://books.google.ge/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
• https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html
• https://books.google.ge/books?id=NYEJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336/
• https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446
• https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/18/science/18conv.html
• https://www.space.com/15089-life-building-blocks-young-sun-dust.html
• https://www.thoughtco.com/the-first-mammals-1093311
• https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/4073/panama-isthmus-that-changed-the-world

?????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

1. ↑ Stanley, Steven M. (2005). Earth system history (2nd ed.). New York: Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-3907-4
2. ↑ Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, James George; Smith, Alan Gilbert, eds. (2004). A Geological Time Scale 2004 . Reprinted with corrections 2006. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78673-7
3. ↑ https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html
4. ↑ Schopf, J. William; Kudryavtsev, Anatoliy B.; Czaja, Andrew D.; Tripathi, Abhishek B. (5 October 2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils". Precambrian Research. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 158 (3?4): 141?155. Bibcode:2007PreR..158..141S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009. ISSN 0301-9268
5. ↑ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/10445788/Oldest-signs-of-life-on-Earth-found.html
6. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870916/
7. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20151023200248/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151019/us-sci--earliest_life-a400435d0d.html
8. ↑ ???????????? ???? . ????????????? ???????????? ? 2015-11-06. ????????? ??????: 2020-05-09.
9. ↑ https://books.google.ge/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
10. ↑ https://books.google.ge/books?id=NYEJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
11. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336/
12. ↑ https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446
13. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/18/science/18conv.html
14. ↑ https://www.space.com/15089-life-building-blocks-young-sun-dust.html
15. ↑ Schopf, J. William; Kudryavtsev, Anatoliy B.; Czaja, Andrew D.; Tripathi, Abhishek B. (5 October 2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils". Precambrian Research. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 158 (3?4): 141?155. Bibcode:2007PreR..158..141S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009. ISSN 0301-9268
16. ↑ https://www.thoughtco.com/the-first-mammals-1093311
17. ↑ https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/4073/panama-isthmus-that-changed-the-world